Urban Development Study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Urban Development Study - Assignment Example New urbanism considers everyone in the society both the rich and the less advantaged. Real estate housing provides shelter for both the rich and the poor. Greenhouse buildings, which consume less power, are also included herein. Such buildings least pollute the environment and use natural lighting to cut on electrical consumption. Some employ special ultraviolet glass that does not allow in too much heat nor reflect it to drivers and cause accidents. In general, the idea visualizes a city where there is reduced traffic congestion, adequate housing, and rise in suburban extension. Bicol River, the river of our time points at the importance of rivers more so in transport. The river is able to accommodate relatively large vessels. Rivers form part of the hydrologic cycle when it comes to precipitation, water provision, cool environment, maintaining water tables amongst others. The Bicol River has allowed Catholics living in the area in their annual Virgin Mary celebrations. This boosts cultural identity that in turn spurs environmental protection and encourages social bonding. Embracing culture encourages the community to stick together and care for each other. Jane Jacobs urban wisdom tries to seek and a plea for the rights of those who live in the slums. Urban planners feel that slums deprive the society of the clean environment causing more harm than good. Urban planners carry out land use analysis and opt to destroy slums since their cost-benefit ratio is not convincing. She developed concepts such as the mixed up development, which was not openly accepted. Mixed developments, integration pedestrian connections are a few examples. The focus is to allow adequate housing, reduce travel distance, stronger and more compact neighborhood amongst others.  

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 103

Case Study Example While Genzyme’s focus on orphan drugs can be questioned, on the face of it, this decision was a pragmatic one as is also substantiated by the tangible success of the company. Owing to its production of drugs for rare diseases it was easier for the company to target its markets, although essentially smaller than those for the widely-needed drugs, more systematically and sustainably. Moreover its focus on orphan drugs also made it possible for the company to accrue full benefits of tax breaks and market exclusivity contained in the Orphan Drug Act introduced by FDA in 1983 thus multiplying the chances of Genzyme’s domination of the already-limited orphan drugs’ market. As far as the strategic intent of Genzyme is concerned the company it’s a long term one as is being depicted by the company’s diversification of the drugs it produces. In addition to its focus on orphan drugs it is also producing common drugs so as to secure its share of the bigger markets too which can ensure accruing continued profit by the company and hence further cement its position in the pharmaceutical industry. Although Genzyme is actively pursuing diversification of its market through production of common drugs too the company should retain its focus on orphan drugs as the incidence of rare diseases such as certain kidney disorders and forms of cancer, whose cure is offered by the orphan drugs, is continually on the rise. Moreover, as the company’s exemplary success testifies to the latent practicality of its decision of focusing on orphan drugs it should take steps towards further specialized areas of medicine and medical technology so as to sustain its distinct position in the industry rather than plunging into the arena of common medicine characterized by fierce competition. Moreover if the company works towards integration of modern medical technology with its products it can add to the breadth of its market further. In

Philosophy Of Nursing Education In Terms Of The Role Of Educator

Philosophy Of Nursing Education In Terms Of The Role Of Educator The purpose of this paper is to describe my philosophy of nursing education in terms of the role of educator and learner, evidence-based practice in nursing education and useful teaching strategies. Three key issues in nursing education are examined: raising the educational level of nurses, increasing interdisciplinary learning opportunities, and preparing nurses to lead initiatives to improve care and enhance patient outcomes. These challenges are related to my goal as an educator. Role of the educator The role of the educator is to facilitate student development of critical thinking by helping the student build on existing knowledge and integrate curriculum content with clinical experiences. Peters (2000) described a teaching as a process of medication where the educator works as the interface between curriculum and student. Core competencies for nursing education have been developed by the National League for Nursing (2005). The competencies include facilitating a learning environment by providing structure to content and learning activities, goals and objectives, assessment, evaluation and feedback to students. In addition, the core competencies outline the role of educator in curriculum development and program evaluation. Educators should function as role models and change agents, working to continuously improve the learning experience. Educators should function within the academic environment and serve as leaders in scholarship through the development and refinement of evidenc e-based teaching practices. Finke (2009) outlines the scholarship dimensions of nursing education: discovery, integration, application and teaching. The effective educator is a facilitator, coach, mentor, and role model in continuous practice improvement. Role of the student Students build existing knowledge by interpreting new information through personal constructs and prior experiences. Students employ a variety of learning styles and have diverse educational needs and come to the learning experience with a variety of perspectives, expectations, and motivations. Students who take an active role in learning acquire important skills of scholarly inquiry and discovery. Svinicki (2011) described strategic learners as diligent and resourceful who are open to continuous learning to improve their practice. Benner (2010) identifies the ability to prioritize and a acquiring a sense of salience as central goals of nursing education. Through feedback, reflection, and discussion, the student creates meaning and gains awareness of personal constructs influencing his or her perceptions. Students develop skills for lifelong learning, a key to successfully adapting to ever-changing technology, information, and clinical situations. Useful strategies in nursing education The most useful strategies in nursing education are those that help the learner integrate clinical knowledge with patient experience. Emergency situations happen rarely in clinical practice and simulator training helps students gain confidence as they test their performance under a variety of conditions without risking harm to a patient. Benner (2010) describes several strategies educators use to enhance learning such as contextualizing patients experiences, and guiding students in learning how to respond to changing situations. Constructive planned feedback helps students improve their practice. Learning is also enhanced when the educator creates opportunities for students to integrate clinical experience with classroom content. Through clinical coaching and classroom interactions, the educator and student engage in an empowering social process aimed at the development of the student nurse. Narrative pedagogies are a useful strategy to help students learn to think critically through analysis and interpretation. Reflective journaling allows students to find meaning in clinical experience and explore feelings when clinical interactions are complex or challenging. Interdisciplinary collaboration on service projects builds a foundation of mutual respect and understanding of roles and boundaries and students learn from patients, families, communities and each other. The role of evidence-based practice in nursing education. Chisari (2006) Evidence-based elements of nursing education. Should be adopted by all programs. Mission to educate a nursing workforce maximizing their ability to provide safe, effective, patient-centered care. Oermann, 2007 Using evidence in your teaching. Strategies that work, so much content knowledge, simulators training best practices, Three most important issues in nursing education and why My goal as an educator I hope to impart the spirit of continuous improvement so that learners seek new knowledge and learning opportunities throughout their careers. I hope to contribute to the preparation of nurses who can practice effectively in complex, technological healthcare environments with the skills necessary to work with others in the efficient management of health information and resources. I hope to reveal the learning opportunities that exist in everyday experience as nurses interact with other disciplines and patients and families who are the experts in their care. Most of all, I want to teach nursing by example through respect, thoughtful reflection, and continuous refinement of my teaching practice.

generalized anxiety disorder Essay -- essays research papers

Generalized Anxiety Disorder Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a chronic and often disabling condition that is associated with uncontrollable worry and tension. The vicious cycle of anxiety and worry interferes with relationships, careers, and education, and often leads to depression. This disorder is much more than the normal anxiety that everyone experiences from time to time, and can be crippling in its severity. GAD is unlikely to disappear without proper treatment, and often worsens over time. Physical manifestations of GAD often include headaches, trembling, twitching, fatigue, irritability, frustration, muscle tension, and inability to concentrate. Sleep disturbances may also occur. Individuals suffering from this disorder may appear to be always tense and unable to relax, or may startle more easily than others. Often they might seem to be constantly moving or fidgeting, unable to sit comfortably through a movie without worrying about something else that needs to be done. Some research suggests that GAD may run in families, and it Generalized Anxiety Disorder may grow worse during times of stress. Symptoms can begin at any age, but the risk is highest between childhood and middle age. GAD affects about 4 million adult Americans. Women are twice as likely to be affected than men. The disorder usually comes on gradually, although it can be suddenly triggered by a childhood psychological trauma, the death of a loved one, divorce, and losing or changing a job. DSM-IV Diagnostic Criteria: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Excessive anxiety and worry (apprehensive expectation), occurring more days than not for at least 6 months, about a number of events or activities (such as work or school performance). 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The person finds it difficult to control the worry. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The anxiety and worry are associated with three (or more) of the following six symptoms (with at least some symptoms present for more days than not for the past 6 months). Note: Only one item is required in children. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  being easily fatigued -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  difficulty concentrating or mind going blank -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  irritability -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  muscle tension -  Ã‚  Ã‚  &nb... ...he anxiety the patient is having. There are many studies pertaining to generalized anxiety disorder. The studies examine the genetic and environmental risks for major anxiety disorders, their course-both alone and when they occur along with other diseases such as depression-and their treatment. Like heart disease and diabetes, these brain disorders are complex and probably result from a combination of genetic, behavioral, developmental, and other factors. Much of the research of anxiety centers on the amygdale, an almond-shaped structure deep within the brain. The amygdale is believed to serve as a communications hub between the parts of the brain that process incoming sensory signals and the parts that interpret them. Other research focuses on the hippocampus, another brain structure that is responsible for processing threatening or traumatic stimuli. By learning more about brain circuitry involved in fear and anxiety, scientists may be able to devise new and more specific treatments for anxiety disorders. Researche rs are attempting to learn how genetics and experience interact in each of the anxiety disorders-information they hope will yield clues to prevention and treatment.

Internet Is Most Influential Invention in American History Essay

The United States of America who has been ruling the power in technology, communication and in every other field with advance from its history and giving birth to new generation invention which human mind can’t â€Å"even think off from early dreams of global information networks to the dominance of the World Wide Web, networked computers have changed the way Americans interact with the world†. (Inventing the Internet Age – Science and Technology – CBC Archives) In the history of America, the Information Technology in such Internet has been the best power as its kind in the communication, new inventions, science, business and specially for the students who are in the field of science and technology they have been getting help from the internet and they have proved to be the best and always had the Country name on the top. The Internet is a worldwide network of thousands of computers and computers network working together for the upliftment of the human in information and communication technology. It has been a great invention by the human mind and a great achievement in information technology. â€Å"In the history of America in 1956 we found this conference and concept which gave birth to the field of AI as a vibrant area of interdisciplinary research, and provided an intellectual environment to all successive computer research and development efforts†. This new field made the human mind thinks to create Internet which works more professionally from its own parts. In the history of Defense of United States the first research and development was made by Paul Baran’s who started his work at (RAND). RAND was founded in Santa Monica, California who started working after the Second World War and started operational research skills developed by US military to manage them. The first wide area computer network was established by the United States Air Force in 1959 which was used to recognize and respond after a nuclear attack and with the new inventions in the US Defense the system got more organized and developed. (Dartmouth Artificial Intelligence (AI) Conference) Later in 1960s the Internet has grown from a single experimental network serving a dozen sites in the United States to a network of networks linking millions of computers worldwide. There were many scientist and great inventors who worked hard that allowed the Internet to develop. â€Å"At that time there was collaboration and conflict among remarkable scientists, including government and military agencies, computer scientists, graduate students, telecommunications companies, standards organizations, and network users†. (Networks: Syllabus of Readings for Complex Adaptive systems) In the history of 1964, the Norbert Wiener won the US National Medal of Science. In the same year Norbert published one of his last book called â€Å"God and Golem† which included certain points where cybernetics impinges on religion which latter had a dominant influences on later generation of scientists and made tons of scientists to research into the potential to extend human capabilities. â€Å"Norbert change the way everyone thought about computer technology and that influencing several later developers of the internet which includes J. C. R Licklider†. (Dartmouth Artificial Intelligence (AI) Conference) In the same year Marshall McLuhan’s made a new theory which is still remembered by the name of â€Å"Global Village† to make every one think about the social effects and the world-shattering effects that has made the changed around the world. He tried to change the concept about the media, technology and communication. McLuhan highlighted this theory of his named with global village from his observation and researchers that the electronic (media) was swiftly integrating the globe. If we go pass by the history of internet which is now been very common source of information and communication to every single human on this universe. Sir Bill Gates, who is the Chairman of Microsoft company has invented a programming language basic for the first microcomputer in the history in 1973, after that in the same year Internet and Transmission Control Protocols were initially developed by the great American Scientist Vinton Cerf, who worked for the United States department of Defense Advance Research Projects Agency (ARPA) which was directed by American Engineer Robert Kahn. At first, by the help of Advance Research Project Agency who linked several universities and research laboratories in the United States. After 16 years of development and researches world wide web was developed by the great English computer scientist Timothy Berners-Lee who worked under European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), the design of the internet was done in 1973 and published in 1974 the hard work resulting the internet in 1983, a number of demonstration were made by the great scientists of different universities. Moreover from the (ARPANET) which grew in 1970’s Leonard Kleinrocks and his mates worked over the design and performance of packet switched network latter UCLA Netwatch Program performed similar functions Kleinrocks and his team did for ARPANET but the great achievement of Kleinrocks was that he connected SDS Sigma 7 Computer to an interface massage processors which became the first node on ARPANET and the first computer ever on internet in early September 1969. After that in early 1996 the internet interconnected more than 25 million computers in more than 180 countries all over the world. With the interconnection of computer networks and different machines to communicate directly through internet had made the United States rule over everything from the last era. Not just the interconnection but the global interconnection of the United States government who deals around the world so easily with the modern technology, interconnection in the education which has made the best universities all over the world and is making the best scientists, doctors, engineers and with the business network which is available in the public around the world with one click..

All Summer in a Day Reaction Margot Essay

All Summer in a Day by Ray Bradbury depicts an innocent girl who is tormented by her society for not being the same. I like this story immensely, not only for its engaging plot but how it directly correlates with society today. It also shows how people are pure pressured into being someone they aren’t. The first reason I liked this story is because of its futuristic setting. The story is set in Venus in a jungle where all it does is rain. Once every seven years there is two hours of sun. The concept of having only two hours of rain every seven years is fascinating. It is fascinating because we take the sun for granted, and the people of Venus cherish it and yearn for the sun to come out. The sun to them is something unknown, something to look forward to, for people on Earth it is just light. Another interesting thing about the setting is that it only rains. Where Margot lives there is only rain, but it is not a light drizzle it is a downpour every day and every night. The rain is a symbol for despair. The rain is what keeps all of the kids’ spirits so low. If there were sun everyday on Venus, every kid would be living a happy jubilant life. The second reason I loved this short story is because of the life lesson it taught me. While reading this short story I was memorized how a little girl could be locked up in a closet just for being different. Margot was just an innocent little girl who remembered her life on Earth. She also remembers the sun and since she did, the rest of the kids in her class took advantage of her. They locked her in a closet just before the sun came out. This is not only taking the one thing she loved from her but destroying her dreams. All Margot wanted to see was the sun, she wanted to feel its heat, look at its beauty, but her classmates had a different plan. They wanted to make her feel sorry; she was tormented for being different than them. Another reason they did this was because they were jealous of her. They were jealous she could have had a future on Earth, where the sun comes out everyday. The kids knew she had a chance to go back, and out of jealousy they locked her in a closet. From this I learn that jealousy can take over someone’s his or her common sense and do something so repulsive and mean. What this story teaches me about normal life is that I can never get caught up what is going on around me. I cannot focus on what is going on around me I have to focus on how I am affecting other people. This also teaches me that what other people think can never distract me. Another major reason I liked this book is because as I read this over for the second time, I started thinking about myself. I thought about it anybody had ever influenced me to do something that was not, â€Å"me. † I also thought about if I had ever seen anybody do something blatantly wrong to someone else. I then thought should I have just stood there as a bystander and watched this kid get tormented. I stopped reading and decided that I also learned that I need to stand up for what I believe in, and in this case one of her class mates should have stopped this from happening before it happened. The last thing I liked about this short story is how each character was uniquely different than the last. For example, the first character we directly meet is Margot. Immediately Bradbury states, â€Å"Margot stood apart from them, from these children who could never remember a time when there wasn’t rain and rain and rain. † From this we learn that Margot doesn’t relate with the rest of the kids because she has something the rests of the kids don’t, she has a memory of the sun. This is very interesting because the rest of the kids are jealous of her, and this is one of the many distinctions we have of Margot. Another thing we learn about Margot is she used to live on Earth. When she was five she moved to Venus, but she strictly remembers what the sun looks like. She is just an innocent girl who had a distinction that set her apart from the rest of the group. The kids on the other hand can be distinguished as one character. These kids symbolize society today; everyone has to be the same. Since Margot stood out from the rest of them, the kids punished her. The children also get distracted from what they have done so they can go play in the sun, what they don’t realize is they are hurting others peoples feelings by being oblivious to the world. This made me think about times I had ever been so oblivious to someone else’s feelings just so I could do something of interest. In conclusion, All Summer in A Day is a phenomenal short story with many interesting characters and fun plot changes. Also this short story made me think about daily life and how I always need to stay focused my opinions, not what other people thing. Also I need to care for other peoples feelings and not only my own.

How to Get Your CDL in Montana and Ohio

How to Get Your CDL in Montana and Ohio If you live in Montana or Ohio, check this round up of state guidelines and see what you’ll need to do to be certified to drive safely behind the wheel of a commercial rig!  If you want to learn about earning a CDL at other states, we have put together a comprehensive guide on how to get a commercial driver’s license in every state of the country. MontanaThe following drivers must obtain a CDL:Class A CDLAny combination of vehicles with a GCWR (the loaded weight of a combination vehicle) of 26,001+ pounds, provided the GVWR(the loaded weight of a single vehicle)  of the vehicle(s) being towed is 10,000+ pounds.Class B CDLAny single vehicle with a GVWR of 26,001+ poundsAny vehicle with a GVWR of 26,001+ pounds pulling a vehicle with a GVWR of 10,000 pounds or less.A single vehicle designed to transport 16+ passengers (including the driver), if the GVWR is 26,001+ pounds or more.Class C CDLAny vehicle with a GVWR of less than 26,001 pounds transporting hazardous mater ials for which placarding is requiredAny vehicle transporting 16+ passengers, including the driver, with a GVWR of less than 26,001 poundsAll first-time applicants must:Pass the vision and knowledge testsPresent a valid medical examiner’s certificateFulfill all other requirements for the class of vehicle you want to driveKnowledge TestThe knowledge test features questions on Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations and state laws. If you do not pass  a knowledge or endorsement test, you must wait until the next working day to try again. A total of three attempts to pass any combination of knowledge and drive tests are allowed on each set of receipts within one year from the purchase date of the receipts.Driving TestThe driving test includes a pre-trip inspection test to make sure you can identify truck and bus operating systems and inspect them for safety.The driving test also includes tests on: (1) 90-degree alley docking; (2) straight line backing; or (3) parallel parking . The test will take at least 60 minutes and will include starting, stopping, braking, turning, observing traffic signs and signals, using vehicle controls, observing other traffic, maintaining lane positions, downgrade, railroad crossing, upgrade, downgrade stopping, upgrade stopping, bridge and underpass clearance, and general observance of traffic laws and safe driving practices for trucks or buses.If you fail  the driving test, you must wait a minimum of seven days before attempting again.OhioYou must obtain a CDL if you intend to drive:Any combination of vehicles with a GVWR of at least 26,001 pounds, as long as the towed vehicle(s) have a GVWR of at least 10,000 poundsAny single vehicle with a GVWR of 26,001+ pounds, or any vehicle towing a vehicle with a GVWR of less than 10,000 lbsAny single vehicle or combination of vehicles designed to transport at least 16 passengers including the driver, or is placarded for hazardous materialsAny school bus with a GVWR of less than 26, 001 pounds designed to transport 16+ passengers including the driver.Any vehicle transporting hazardous materials for which placarding is required by federal regulations.Any single vehicle or combination of vehicles that is operated on public roads and is considered to be a commercial motor vehicle (includes cranes, drilling rigs, etc.).Obtaining a PermitYou must  be at least 18 years old, and have a valid Ohio driver’s license.  You’ll need to pass both a vision test and at least one written knowledge test before you may be given a permit package. A general written test must be passed by all applicants. Additional tests will be given to those applying to drive: passenger vehicles, air brakes vehicles, combination vehicles, hazardous materials vehicles, tankers, and double or triple trailers.A  permit allows you  to drive a commercial vehicle when accompanied by a CDL holder sitting in the passenger seat.You are then eligible to take your skills test, the last step before obtaining a CDL.Skills/Road TestDrivers will be required to take this test in the class of vehicle they intend to drive. The test includes a pre-trip inspection, basic control skills maneuvering, and road skills driving tests. The applicant will be required to provide a vehicle for testing and must be accompanied by   a licensed driver for that vehicle.

A Short History of the Chinese in Cuba

A Short History of the Chinese in Cuba The Chinese first arrived in Cuba in significant numbers in the late 1850s to toil in Cuba’s sugarcane fields. At that time, Cuba was arguably the largest producer of sugar in the world. Due to the diminishing African slave trade after England’s abolition of slavery in 1833 and the decline of slavery in the United States, a labor shortage in Cuba led plantation owners to search for workers elsewhere. China emerged as the labor source following deep social upheaval after the First and Second Opium Wars. Changes in the farming system, a surge in population growth, political discontentment, natural disasters, banditry, and ethnic strife- especially in southern China- led many farmers and peasants to leave China and look for work overseas. While some willingly left China for contract work in Cuba, others were coerced into semi-indentured servitude. The First Ship On June 3, 1857, the first ship arrived in Cuba carrying about 200 Chinese laborers on eight-year contracts. In many cases, these Chinese â€Å"coolies† were treated just as the African slaves were. The situation was so severe that the imperial Chinese government even sent investigators to Cuba in 1873 to look into a large number of suicides by Chinese laborers in Cuba, as well as allegations of abuse and breach of contract by plantation owners. Shortly after, the Chinese labor trade was prohibited and the last ship carrying Chinese laborers reached Cuba in 1874. Establishing a Community Many of these laborers intermarried with the local population of Cubans, Africans, and mixed-race women. Miscegenation laws forbade them to marry Spaniards. These Cuban-Chinese began to develop a distinct community. At its height, in the late 1870s, there were more than 40,000 Chinese in Cuba. In Havana, they established â€Å"El Barrio Chino† or Chinatown, which grew to 44 square blocks and was once the largest such community in Latin America. In addition to working in the fields, they opened shops, restaurants, and laundries and worked in factories. A unique fusion Chinese-Cuban cuisine melding Caribbean and Chinese flavors also emerged. Residents developed community organizations and social clubs, such as the Casino Chung Wah, founded in 1893. This community association continues to assist the Chinese in Cuba today with education and cultural programs. The Chinese-language weekly, Kwong Wah Po also still publishes in Havana. At the turn of the century, Cuba saw another wave of Chinese migrants – many coming from California. The 1959 Cuban Revolution Many Chinese Cubans participated in the anti-colonial movement against Spain. There were even three Chinese-Cuban Generals who served pivotal roles in the Cuban Revolution. There still stands a monument in Havana dedicated to the Chinese that fought in the revolution. By the 1950s however, the Chinese community in Cuba was already diminishing, and following the revolution, many also left the island. The Cuban revolution did create an increase in relations with China for a short time. Cuban leader Fidel Castro severed diplomatic ties with Taiwan in 1960, recognizing and establishing formal ties with the People’s Republic of China and Mao Zedong. But the relationship did not last long. Cuba’s friendship with the Soviet Union and Castro’s public criticism of China’s 1979 invasion of Vietnam became a sticking point for China. Relations warmed again in the 1980s during China’s economic reforms. Trade and diplomatic tours increased. By the 1990s, China was Cuba’s second largest trade partner. Chinese leaders visited the island several times in the 1990s and 2000s and further increased economic and technological agreements between the two countries. In its prominent role on the United Nations Security Council, China has long opposed U.S. sanctions on Cuba. The Cuban Chinese Today It’s estimated that Chinese Cubans (those who were born in China) only number about 400 today. Many are elderly residents who live near the run-down Barrio Chino. Some of their children and grandchildren still work in the shops and restaurants near Chinatown. Community groups are currently working to economically revitalize Havana’s Chinatown into a tourist destination. Many Cuban Chinese also migrated overseas. Well-known Chinese-Cuban restaurants have been established in New York City and Miami.

A View on Japanese Customs As Depicted In Films and Figurines

A View on Japanese Customs As Depicted In Films and Figurines Gojira, Hello Kitty, and other forms of Japanese culture have been integrated through popular culture in such things as movies and toys. The aspects that can make these mediums fun and interesting can make them popular which gives a lot of credit to the culture that it is behind. These two forms although representing popular culture, are still able to draw towards representations of everyday life, and Japanese culture. Christine R Yano explains how the consumerism of Hello Kitty has shaped Hello Kitty, and it has become an obsession of a sort. â€Å"Hello Kitty expresses herself through disarming, benign mouthlessness, while Godzilla is dark, and oversized (Yano,153).† The characteristics which Gojira, and Hello Kitty have are important because Hello Kitty’s characteristics of being cute appeal to many people’s senses, and can be the reason why Hello Kitty Goods earned a hundred million from products and an additional four hundred million in licensing fees. Maybe it has to do with the fact that Hello Kitty is described as being â€Å"Irresistable† (Yano, 154). Japan threw elements like these has been able to show other areas of the world their culture, which has prompted integration, but their culture can still be closely derived from the elements represented in these movies, as well as a representation. From looking at elements of media, such as Hello Kitty, and Gojira we are able to see Japanese culture embedded. Though Hello Kitty may be looked at by most people as just simply Japanese cute, it has aspects that help define culture as well. The kitty is small, does not have a mouth, and seems to be staring into a distance. This can be tied into the fact that females in the Japanese culture, are regarded as being passive. We were able to see this aspect while viewing Gojira, in the character of Emiko. In the movie she seems to display a passive role, by crying, and seeming to have a frail personality. Emiko’s role was important in this movie because rather than just making a storyline only it was important to integrate culture so that as the movie is exchanged between different people they can get a feel of Japanese culture. By looking at the overview in Gojira we can also see this well. After the postwar period which Gojira was filmed around, it was a very destructive time, and the whole city was ruined. The movie represents Japan during the postwar period showing some of the suffering which they went through. It helps to show Japanese people’s fear of nuclear attacks, which makes the movie a symbol. Japan does a good job of doing this, but we are also able to see aspects of American culture from some of the media we have looked at. Them! shows the same relationship between popular culture, and culture as do Hello Kitty, and Gojira. The movie which came out in 1954 takes you on a path of monstrous ants, who are trying to take over the world. Them has also been regarded as an important medium in American popular culture as it was integrated in video games, and television shows such as Zombies ate my neighbors, and Invader Zim respectively (Them!) Through the ants conquest which resolves the city is taken over, and many aspects of American culture ensue, and are described. For instance towards the end of the movie the firefighters want to burn the cave because they feel that everyone who is in it must be dead, and it is not worth risking the whole city for. The police officers tell them not to do so because they said they believe two young little boys are in there, and it is not worth risking their lives. This is an important part of the movie because it demonstrates a part of American culture. This illustrates t hat in American culture children are deemed as being very important. The cops made sure that they saved their lives because even two people’s lives were important to them, and they wanted to make sure that everything was ok. The police force was also shown as being very important in the movie which is an aspect that can be true as well in real life. Them did a good job of displaying cultural elements of Godzilla it was able to do the same thing. Them also does a good job of mentioning the atomic bomb which America happened to be testing at that time, and referencing this to the Cold War. This helps a vivid picture of the time period that this movie was made because factual events are being used. Godzilla was derived from Gojira as we have been told many times, but at the same time it has many special elements of its own that illustrate American culture, and popular culture. Through the many versions that Godzilla has been changed it has been able to have many interpretations especially through the different roles that Gojira has taken. In some movies we see Gojira destroying the nation of Japan, but in other instances we see the American version showing how Godzilla is a hero. This has a significant importance because this was probably done to help display a positive image form American culture rather than being the enemies. For this reason Gojira was really important for this reason because it helped bridge the gap, and this was just one of the lasting impacts the cultures had on each other. Through the Pacific Century series we are able to identify different parts of Japanese culture, and see just how exactly Japanese culture evolved. Although at first not everyone was happy about the fact of the U.S. occupying Japan, it had some certain positive characteristics. During the time of their occupation they gave credit to America for the fact that they were able to help them unify Japan, and give them a strong sense of government. America had many intentions of creating positive standards for Japan’s culture whether it was dress, music, or cartoons, but through the two cultures you are able to spot many differences. Coming from an American point of view there were initially many differences between Japanese culture, and American culture. Americans believed that Japan’s technology was different, and a lot more inferior. On Commodore Perry’s conquest to America he brought to them many different types of tools, and toys which fascinated the Japanese. Along with the tools they also introduced Japanese people to western culture by showing them new clothes, education, and music forms. The Americans also did not approve of the governmental system that Japan was run by, and made them change this as well. The Japanese on the other hand saw American people as barbaric, and did not approve of some of their practices. The Americans were surprised to find out that the Japanese regularly took baths (The Pacific Century). Through the close contact that ensued between both cultures we see how each was able to modernize, and use each other’s ideas. By starting off from modernizing during th e time of Perry we see that Japan, and America would have a lot of similarities which would continue for a long time. This would include Japan exchanging anime with America, as well as seemingly all of America’s electronics. Looking at the two cultures we see so many of the aspects that Japan and America share, but if you look more closely you can see some of the differences they possess as well. Through Gojira, Godzilla, and Them, we are able to see differences between Japanese, and American culture. We see how in Gojira the women such as Emiko are given the scared submissive role, but this is very different from Them, when Joan Weldon is one of the main scientists on the team, and conducts the experiments which may be needed to ultimately save mankind. When you look at Hello Kitty as well you see it as being referred to mainly a cute, furry, fuzzy creature that is irresistible. The emphasis of children is taken into great consideration when it comes to looking at American culture, but this differs when you look at Japan. The hydrogen bomb which was used to kill Gojira was thought to be dangerous, but at the same time the larger picture was what many people were considering, rather than the life of just two people. As the cultures of America, and Japan differed drastically this can explain the paths that they took to become more alike, and exchange cultures. It could explai n the paths that they took in order to be modernized as well as aware of other cultures. Modernity is the idea of discontinuing with the past through a process of social, and cultural change, and most importantly it helps to redefine tradition (Crisis of Modernity). Japan and America were both able to be modernized, by adapting new forms of culture, and seeing ways of life. This can highlight the fact that the Meiji Reform had such significant importance because it was a way for Japan to see how the outside and western world was rather than being close minded, and not seeing all it had to offer. The reason why modernization was so important to these two nations is because it was able to help them fend for themselves, as well as learning new ideas. For instance as Japan entered conflicts with America, they needed to modernize to overcome modernity, an idea which we have been presented with in this class. If they did not modernize then they would be subject to attacks, and other consequences that could have ensued. Modernization was popular to them in this way, and it was also important to the Americans as they tried to have contact with other parts of the world. Looking back at the information I have now I would be able to make revisions on how I look at modernization. Modernization is able to be integrated into pop culture, but it cannot entirely define one culture, just by itself. The reason that this hit me is because a couple weeks ago, I would have thought that the insights that Japan gained from the Meiji Restoration entirely defined their culture, and that is false. Modernizing your culture serves to add layers to the foundation that has already been established. Gojira was a movie produced by the Japanese, for the Japanese, and it helped to convey meaning, and display Japanese culture. This was the same way how Them gave a picture of American culture. This is very important to know because when a country is modernized, such as Japan was and tends to adopt jazz, watch movies, and watch certain movies, their core ideals are still the same as they always are. The way people think does not change just because of new things that they have experienced it just means that they have experienced closer contact with other groups, and people. Gojira w as founded in Japan, which had a thriving movie industry before America came into contact with them, and this movie was essential to Japan. When certain culture has elements that make it popular it becomes popular on a world scale leaving room for the discussion of globalization. Globalization can be in ways tied to modernization, and ultimately affects the relationship on how Japan and America, are similar or different. Globalization is human societies having close contact, and being shaped through global integration, whether it be politics, culture, or anything (Global Policy). Popular culture is important in making cultures such as Japan, and America have close contact because so much can be exchanged. From an American point of view you are able to see just how much we have comes from Japan. Whether it is the anime, Hello Kitty, and most importantly Gojira many things are taken from Japan to America in the great cultural exchange. Some of America’s popular culture has gone to Japan as well in the acculturation process by Japanese being enthralled by some American socialites, and movies as well. Globalization plays a big factor in all of this because without popular culture mediums such as Gojira, and Them there would be no standard that would be tr ying to be met. Culture, and pop culture are so important for so many reasons. They effect globalization as well as, modernization, and everything in between. Without clearly defining one, another one may not be defined. The reason that this comes to be is because culture is the underlying precepts which people have been tought to live by, but at the same time this can mingle with culture. The reason that this crosses in with pop culture is because pop culture is a way that you can at times directly relate to other nations. If you are able to relate to them by the mediums you watch, listen to, or however then they can exchange ideas, and other influences with you allowing them to assimilate them to your culture. At times through assimilating your culture through popular culture this allows you to modernize to keep to the standard which the world is embracing. After you are kept to this standard you are ultimately globalized because everyone is sharing ideas from this point, and afterwards it just b ecomes a natural process.

What explains the demise of the Bretton Woods system Essay

What explains the demise of the Bretton Woods system - Essay Example The joint venture brought about a system wherein countries having problems in balance of payments can solve it because of one of the feature of fixed exchange rates in the agreement. This has laid to an economic reconstruction in Europe for a very long decade which in turn gave rise to capitalist expansion, which has not been seen till date. This gave an added boost to the global economy where mostly in the capitalist countries, the standard of living of the working class has improved to a very high extent. (Bordo & Eichengreen, 1993). In the period of post World War 1, majority of the countries had a tendency to go back to the previous situation of financial stability and security as it prevailed before such wars were held. The old gold standard were again preferred and every country tried to incline towards it and by 1926 all the leading economies again established the system and accordingly the circulating money of every nation had to be geared by gold reserves and foreign currenc ies to a huge extent. But while implementing the gold several steps were undertaken mistakenly as a result of which the economic and financial relations collapsed leading to the Great Depression in 1929. In order to reduce the deficit in payment balance by deflating its currency every single country gave a boost to its export product to increase its competitiveness in productivity. This idea fell in place and was running successfully till the countries continued deflating their currencies. This over laid phenomenon marked an international deflation competition which led to unemployment among masses, enterprises were rubbed out of bankruptcy, many credit institutions failed and also hyper inflation was noted to occur in various countries concerned. (Kenen, 1994; Moggridge, 1980). Due to this phenomenon of Great Depression, several conferences who were dealing with the world monetary problems ended up in failure in the decade of 1930s. But every country tended for a stabilizing system that rectified mistakes which became one of the evident phenomenons. After this, several plans were made in order to build an innovative monetary system and an institution that will supervise all sorts of actions and financial hazards. During the war time conditions, all of the initial negotiations happened. (Kenen, 1994; Moggridge, 1980). In Bretton Woods, New Hampshire (USA), an international conference took place in 1944. This conference was attended by 44 countries so as to restructure the international finance and currency relationships. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and The International Bank For Reconstruction And Development (IBRD/ World Bank) was created by the participants of this conference . In addition, they also accepted the fact of implementing a system of fixed exchange rate with the U.S dollar as the leading currency. Harry Dexter White, the American Minister of State in the U.S treasury and the British Economist John Mayard Keynes were responsible to devel op the plans for the Bretton Woods system. They also stated that they want to establish a system which would be acceptable by all the nations. The ideas of Harry Dexter and Keynes always happened to be very similar to each other. The White Plan supplements that a Bank for Reconstruction and an International Stabilization Fund should be put up. This was similar to what Keynes has described in his plan. But there was a little difference which got reflected in Keynes plan was he wanted to vest the IMF ideas with possibilities to create money and with the authority to take actions on a very large scale. Whenever there will be imbalances in the balance of payments both the sides, that is, both the debtors and creditors must change their policies. Countries that have their payments in excess should increase their scale of imports from the countries

MEDIA REPRESENTATIONS AND STEREOTYPES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MEDIA REPRESENTATIONS AND STEREOTYPES - Essay Example Most modern advertisements depict women as a sex tool intended to attract men. This represents the social part of life hence connecting advertisements with the advertised product. Actually, the blog addresses the core issues regarding women and advertising. There is a wonderful link between advertisement and women and the advertisers of various products no longer concentrate on the functions of the product as before. Although advertisement has experienced evolution, it may be said that the transformation is not that socially positive. Female exposure and body dismemberment of women’s body as explained by Kilbourne tends to reduce women to nothing more than a sex object and sex whose most important thing in them is their body part. Woman’s intelligence and wisdom is never displayed in the media advertisement. Indeed this is a worrying trend that hugely destroys the society’s perception. Woman’s position in the society is continually distorted as the blog explains yet it is the bad side of depiction that appeals most to the

Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Methods - Essay Example This implores into the reader’s imagination. For example, she characterizes the puffins with phrases such as â€Å"clownish faces†, â€Å"waddling walk†, â€Å"chubby-dumpling bodies†, and â€Å"fluffy chicks†. This, she describes using a sense of humor to draw the reader (Nijhuis 1). The writer also uses definition in her essay, though not much of it. At the same time, the definition method used is emotional. For example, the statements â€Å"puffins are adorable† and â€Å"seabirds are social creatures† try to spark some emotion in the reader. Therefore, the element of definition plays a significant role in drawing the readers (Nijhuis 2). Also, the writer uses the element of classification in her essay when she talks about some types of birds. For instance, she uses the phrases â€Å"predatory gulls† and â€Å"terns†. By explaining the relationship between the various aspects and the puffins, the writer ensures that th e essay covers everything and that the reader does not get

Electronic Health Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Electronic Health - Research Paper Example E-Health provides services which let the doctors have an access to their patients’ data by maintaining their records and information about their diseases in databases and other e-Health tools, rather than using paper documents. They can assess the data, prepare prescriptions to be sent to the pharmacies via communication technology, get instant and accurate results from the laboratories directly, communicate with their patients on a regular basis no matter which part of the globe they live in, and give better suggestions regarding their health and lifestyle. On the other hand, the patients, here referred to as ePatients, can have access to doctors all around the world with the use of information and communication technology, telemedicine and e-Health systems, get diagnosis (known as remote diagnosis) and treatment regarding their diseases, and thus, remain better informed about their problems in particular and health care in general. There are a lot of e-Health forums, softwar e and web links on the internet which allow e-patients to communicate with their doctors and with other fellow patients as well. ... It has created a trustworthy doctor-patient relationship as e-Health systems ensure the patients’ privacy. It has also made it possible to achieve online education about healthcare through online sources. It provides tools, known as e-Health tools which facilitate health services like diagnosis and treatment. These include electronic databases, mobile monitors, health portals, and many more. E-Health is also cost-effective as money is not spent on staffing and traveling resources. The European Union (EU) is the leader in the development of e-Health systems and tools. According to a rough estimate, EU has spent almost â‚ ¬500 million of research funding on e-Health since 1990 (Europa). Unfortunately, there are a lot of people out there who do not have access to computer and internet, or they have less knowledge about technological advances, and thus they cannot benefit from the services of e-Health, despite the fact that such people are the most deserving of getting proper h ealthcare. In short, E-Health not only acts as a platform where the health care providers, authorities and hospitals can work closer to each other, but also acts as a medium between the doctors and patients- a medium that is just in accordance with the latest technology and the modern era. E-Health is not merely a big step in the new technology, it is also â€Å"a state-of-mind, a way of thinking, an attitude, and a commitment for networked, global thinking, to improve health care locally, regionally, and worldwide by using information and communication technology† (Eysenbach). Table 1 summarizes the advantages of e-Health described so far. Why the issue is important to me? The issue of e-Health is important to me because it can

Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 6

Operations Management - Essay Example SPC is also found to provide a new insight of relationships between quality and productivity performance measures (Colledani and Tolio, 2009). In addition, by the use of statistical methods, SPC can be a powerful technique for monitoring, managing and analyzing and improving process performance (Chen et al., 2008). Knowing these significant views of SPC and its linked benefits primarily in a manufacturing industry is a foundation of the idea that perhaps, this technique can also be employed even in way beyond the bound of manufacturing industries, especially if those industries have the intention to enhance or improve quality, cost, productivity, human resource management, and customer relationship. Regarding this, the work at hand builds a report substantiating the idea that SPC can also be useful in service industries. There are major claims that are presented in this report that are backed by existing research studies that have important link with the importance of SPC in the serv ice industries. ... Undeniably, services have become integral components of the industrial goods, as manufacturing goods and providing services have come in a package as a notable trend (Johansson and Olhager, 2006). Johansson and Olhager found that the common ground between manufacturing and service operations can be observed within the need to analyse volume, variety, and process issues. In other words, one important connection between service and manufacturing activities is found within the actual operation. The actual operation in the real world is wider in its scope, but this does not deny the idea that every firm operation may it for manufacturing or service industry must require a certain process. To consider productivity, the issue of volume or variety cannot be overlooked. In fact, both service and manufacturing activities have certain target goals to obtain certain level of productivity output. However, this does not stop with the consideration of productivity alone. Profitability is another c oncern of every firm that is either a part of the manufacturing or service industry. In the case of firms manufacturing or selling goods, after-sales services are found to affect company’s profitability, customer retention and product development (Saccani et al., 2007). This finding reveals the thought that services can be the integral components of a manufacturing activity, and these two activities can therefore work to complement or support the other. Based on the cited information above, Saccani et al. would want to imply that in order to obtain profitability in the manufacturing industry, the need to consider after-sales services is a must. This is of great consideration, because establishing high-value for customers must

INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MARKETS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MARKETS - Assignment Example These incentives provide new revenue opportunities for Acme in the United States. Countries in the EU that can provide these incentives are backed by the strong power of the euro currency and it also creates a linkage between other European countries that are already developed with a quality infrastructure for manufacturing and distribution. Being able to rely on these networks and existing business expertise makes JEL Industries a much better option than trying to work from the ground-up at DBC Industries outside of the EU. The strong euro has also provided developing countries in the European Union with knowledge of metallurgy, motor vehicles, glass production and heavy machinery production (Weidenbaum). Therefore, if Acme desires ample raw materials or the ability to select from a skilled labor pool of talented individuals, the EU is the most vital option for long-term growth and security for the business. Further, the value of the U.S. dollar is currently falling compared to the euro, therefore there are some cost advantages to selecting JEL Industries over DBC Industries. When consumers or industrial buyers make purchases of Acme products, they are using currency that will provide a higher profit. Why is this? The business can establish a higher pricing policy on its products to offset the costs of operations and/or distribution, and when the exchange between the EU and the U.S. dollar occurs, there will be more profit than if the products were sold domestically. Because the EU value is relatively stable, there is not the concern of sudden economic collapse that might occur with a more self-contained currency outside of the European Union. Thus, for profit purposes, JEL Industries is the recommended choice. Because more communications occur between EU partners, there will be less long-term costs associated with

Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 6

Operations Management - Essay Example SPC is also found to provide a new insight of relationships between quality and productivity performance measures (Colledani and Tolio, 2009). In addition, by the use of statistical methods, SPC can be a powerful technique for monitoring, managing and analyzing and improving process performance (Chen et al., 2008). Knowing these significant views of SPC and its linked benefits primarily in a manufacturing industry is a foundation of the idea that perhaps, this technique can also be employed even in way beyond the bound of manufacturing industries, especially if those industries have the intention to enhance or improve quality, cost, productivity, human resource management, and customer relationship. Regarding this, the work at hand builds a report substantiating the idea that SPC can also be useful in service industries. There are major claims that are presented in this report that are backed by existing research studies that have important link with the importance of SPC in the serv ice industries. ... Undeniably, services have become integral components of the industrial goods, as manufacturing goods and providing services have come in a package as a notable trend (Johansson and Olhager, 2006). Johansson and Olhager found that the common ground between manufacturing and service operations can be observed within the need to analyse volume, variety, and process issues. In other words, one important connection between service and manufacturing activities is found within the actual operation. The actual operation in the real world is wider in its scope, but this does not deny the idea that every firm operation may it for manufacturing or service industry must require a certain process. To consider productivity, the issue of volume or variety cannot be overlooked. In fact, both service and manufacturing activities have certain target goals to obtain certain level of productivity output. However, this does not stop with the consideration of productivity alone. Profitability is another c oncern of every firm that is either a part of the manufacturing or service industry. In the case of firms manufacturing or selling goods, after-sales services are found to affect company’s profitability, customer retention and product development (Saccani et al., 2007). This finding reveals the thought that services can be the integral components of a manufacturing activity, and these two activities can therefore work to complement or support the other. Based on the cited information above, Saccani et al. would want to imply that in order to obtain profitability in the manufacturing industry, the need to consider after-sales services is a must. This is of great consideration, because establishing high-value for customers must

The Presence of Horror and Fear in ‘the Monkey’s Paw’ Story Essay Example for Free

The Presence of Horror and Fear in ‘the Monkey’s Paw’ Story Essay This essay is an analysis of ‘The Monkey’s Paw’, a horror short story by William Wymark Jacobs. This story is about a talisman that shapes like monkey’s paw which has magical powers. It grants three wishes to its owner. It’s given to one family, husband, wife, and their son. They wish for some money, and that wish also become true, they get the money, the exact amount they wished for. But actually that money was the compensation for the death of their son that caused by the accident. Torturing by the sadness of the dead of her only son, the wife wishes for her son back to life again. When knocking is heard at the door, the husband feels scared about what will happened. And before the wife can opened the door, the husband used the last wish. The knocking stop and when the wife opened the door, no one is there. The essay will be focused on how the speaker brings the horror and fear in this story. There are many ways how the horror and fear is delivered in this story, but this essay will only take and explain three of them. The first thing that brings horror and fear is the background of the Sergeant-Major Morris as the previous owner of the talisman, how he could get that talisman. The reader can feels that the talisman has a mysterious background from how the Sergeant-Major feels uncomfortable when telling about the talisman. â€Å"The soldier regarded him the way that middle age is wont to regard presumptious youth. †I have,† he said quietly, and his blotchy face whitened. † It can be seen that the Major seems too quiet and too afraid for the man that wants to tell the story about the talisman that can granted wishes. Second, the horror and fear come up to the climax through the action or response the husband and wife after the death of their son. The fight between the husband and the wife about the wish to revive their only son also bring the reader feels the horror and fear. â€Å"The old man turned and regarded her, and his voice shook. â€Å"He has been dead ten days, and besides he – I would not tell you else, but – I could only recognize him by his clothing. If he was terrible for you to see then, how now? †Ã¢â‚¬  it brings the readers get the imagination how scary in looks if the son come back to life. The last thing that is, how the narration also supports to create a horror and fear atmosphere in the story. The best example can be seen from the last event. But her husband was on his hand s and knees groping wildly on the floor in search of the paw. If only he could find it before the thing outside got in. A perfect fusillade of knocks reverberated through the house, and he heard the scraping of a chair as his wife put it down in the passage against the door. He heard the creaking of the bolt as it came slowly back, and at the same moment he found the monkey’s paw, and frantically breathed his third and last wish. † The narrations which explain about the setting, the situation and condition also take an important role to raise the tension of fear in this short story. In sum, there are many ways of how the speaker is delivered the horror and fear of this short story. Three of them are: The background of the Sergeant-Major Morris as the previous owner of the talisman, The action or response from the husband and wife about the wish to revive their son, How the narration explain the setting, situation, and condition in this story with a ‘spooky’ ways. There are still many others ways how the speaker brings the horror and fear in this story that make this story become a good horror story.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Networked Medium Information Technology Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Networked Medium Information Technology Essay Bus networks use a common backbone to connect all devices. A single cable, the backbone functions as a shared communication medium that devices attach or tap into with an interface connector. A device wanting to communicate with another device on the network sends a broadcast message onto the wire that all other devices see, but only the intended recipient actually accepts and processes the message. Ring topology: In a ring network, every device has exactly two neighbors for communication purposes. All messages travel through a ring in the same direction. A failure in any cable or device breaks the loop and can take down the entire network. Star topology: Many home networks use the star topology. A star network features a central connection point called a hub that may be a  hub,  switch  or router. Devices typically connect to the hub with Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Ethernet. Compared to the bus topology, a star network generally requires more cable, but a failure in any star network cable will only take down one computers network access and not the entire LAN. b) Advantages and disadvantages of each medium. Network medium is the physical channel that used for transmission in the network. The types of the medium are: Wire Fiber air Wire: UTP cable is a medium that is composed of pairs of wires.  UTP cable is used in a variety of networks. Each of the eight individual copper wires in UTP cable is covered by an insulating material. In addition, the wires in each pair are twisted around each other. Fiber: Long distance signal transmission. Large Bandwidth, Light Weight, and Small Diameter Long Lengths Easy Installation and Upgrades Non-Conductivity Security Designed for Future Applications Needs Air: Mobility. Elimination of unsightly cables. c) Recommendation for topology and medium to use: Topology: Figure 1.1 : Star topology We select the star topology for this in-house network. Because the star topology is most popular topology for in-house network (LAN). Also we can be benefit by using the star topology in a LAN. Benefits: Information can be easily shared allowing for quick and informed decisions to be made, saving time and money. A more productive and competitive environment is achieved through greater teamwork within the organization. Network-based communication such as email is considerably cheaper than using the phone or fax and sharing resources such as printers gives more efficient use of equipment at lower costs. Standard versions of procedures and directories can be made accessible to everyone. IT administration can be centralised. Data can be backed-up from a single point on a scheduled basis ensuring consistency. Medium: Figure1.2: WI-FI network We select the WI-FI for this in-house network. Because Mobility. Elimination of unsightly cables. Problem Identification: Task 2 10 Marks Investigate the Internet connection requirements for the Fire Department. a) Describe the Internet services that may be required. b) Explain the connection speeds that are suitable for these requirements. c) Find examples of Internet Service Providers (ISPs) that can meet these requirements in your country. d) Make a recommendation to use one ISP based upon the services offered and price charged. Solution of Task 2 a) Hardware and Software Requirements: Computer with either: Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows ME, Windows XP Professional, Windows NT 4.0, Windows 2000, or Windows Server 2003 installed. A CD-ROM drive for the installation compact disc. Adequate disk space for the database, business objects, and Web pages 10 MB free space minimum. Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol installed. A network adapter card and local area network connection. An Internet connection and Internet Protocol address from your Internet Service Provider. Network Adapter board. Figure 2.1: Intranet network system b) Connection speeds requirements: 512 for upload is standard connection for sound only, the much required is 138 kbps, means that 512 138 = 374 kbps free for chat or image. Usually, download > upload is possible for internet provider to have busy server and in this situation you will be connected from phone standard line, with smaller speed. So in this system it demands 512 kbps connection speed. c) Examples of Internet Service Providers in our country: Brack net. Zip. Qubee. Grameen phone Internet. Bangla lion. Recommendation to use the ISP : In this system we select Qubee as out ISP because, Qubee has the solution which is fast and reliable. Very much cost effective. More then it is driven by WI-MAX technology.   And obviously it is portable. There package, Monthly Usage Allowance Speed 5GB 10GB Sky 256 Kbps BDT 850 BDT 950 BDT 1,250 512 Kbps BDT 1,250 BDT 1,450 BDT 2,250 1Mbps BDT 2,250 BDT 2,750 BDT 5,250 and Qubee Modem Tk. 3,000 Modem Installation Free  Ã‚   First months fee payable at the time of signup Problem Identification: Task 3 30 Marks Investigate the methods the Fire Department could implement for two-way voice communications. As a minimum include the following information: a) How each method works (frequencies, full/half duplex, etc). b) Details of the legal requirements for operating the system in your country. c) Costs of setting up and operating the system, including licensing costs, equipment costs, etc. d) Limitations of each method. Provide a recommendation for how voice communications should be set up and run including reasons for this recommendation. Solution of Task 3 Method of full/half duplex system: Half-Duplex: A  half-duplex  system provides for communication in both directions, but only one direction at a time. Typically, once a party begins receiving a signal, it must wait for the transmitter to stop transmitting, before replying. An example of a half-duplex system is a two-party system such as a walkie-talkie style two-way radio, wherein one must use Over or another previously designated command to indicate the end of transmission, and ensure that only one party transmits at a time, because both parties transmit on the same frequency. A good analogy for a half-duplex system would be a one lane road with traffic controllers at each end. Traffic can flow in both directions, but only one direction at a time with this being regulated by the traffic controllers. Full-Duplex: A  full-duplex  system allows communication in both directions, and unlike half-duplex, allows this to happen simultaneously. Land-line telephone networks are full-duplex since they allow both callers to speak and be heard at the same time. A good analogy for a  full-duplex  system would be a two-lane road with one lane for each direction. Examples:  Telephone,  Mobile Phone, etc. Two way radios can be, for instance, designed as full-duplex systems, which transmit on one frequency and receive on a different frequency. This is also called frequency-division duplex. Frequency-division-duplex systems can be extended to farther distances using pairs of simple repeater stations, owing to the fact that the communications transmitted on any one frequency always travel in the same direction. Full-duplex Ethernet connections work by making simultaneous use of all four physical pairs of twisted cable, where two pairs are used for receiving packets and two pairs are used for sending packets, to a directly connected device. This effectively makes the cable itself a collision-free environment and theoretically doubles the maximum bandwidth that can be supported by the connection. There are several benefits to using full duplex over half duplex. First, time is not wasted since no frames need to be retransmitted as there are no collisions. Secondly, full bandwidth is available in both directions because send and receive functions are separated. Third, stations/node do not have to wait until other operations complete their transmission as there is only one transmitter for each twisted pair. Legal requirements for operating the system in our country: 1.1 As per the national frequency allocation plan 2005 (nfap 2005), spectrum from the ism band in 2.4000-2.4835 ghz and 5.725-5.875 ghz is allocated for wi-fi use. 1.2.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Access to the spectrum will be on shared basis. There will be no exclusive assignment to any individual or organizations, whether for private, public or commercial use. 1.3.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Any government or private organization/educational institution/corporate body can establish and use wi-fi network on non commercial/non-profit basis. 1.4.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Household/private users are not required to take any permission from the commission or pay any levy/charge for using wi-fi in the given ism band. 1.5.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Both indoor and outdoor wi-fi is permitted in the given spectrum of ism band. However, the maximum power output for the wi-fi equipment is limited to 1 watt. 1.6.  Ã‚  Ã‚   All commercial wi-fi hotspot operators/service providers shall possess an isp or equivalent license (e.g., bwa license). Existing operators having such license from the commission will be eligible to establish wi-fi network for providing last mile solution. 1.7.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Operators/service providers will submit a detailed list of wi-fi outdoor hotspots to the commission. There will be levy/charges applicable annually for all hotspots. the levy/charge shall be charged as per the rate list published by the commission. 1.8.  Ã‚  Ã‚   All service providers will obtain permission in the form of no objection certificate (noc) from the commission for importation, deployment, use and providing any service with wi-fi equipment. Guideline for application and application form is available at http://www.btrc.gov.bd. Existing ism band operators who wish to adapt their present wi-fi equipment for the same purpose may also be provided permission from the commission on case by case basis. 1.9.  Ã‚  Ã‚   All vendors in possession of dealer possession and radio communication equipment vendor license issued by the commission are eligible to apply for noc for importation and marketing of wi-fi equipment in Bangladesh. 1.10. The commission reserves the right to cancel the permission if any complication arises anytime. c) Costs of setting up and operating the system, including licensing costs, equipment costs: The cost of operating the system: The cost of operating the system Purpose Cost 01. 1pr cross connect wire wh/red red/white 1m feet 3000/= 02. Programming cable for air-phone 1500/= 03. IP network station port 35000/= 04. Controller card f/60 units non scrolling 25000/= 05. Pc-console-software 50000/= 06. Access control keypad f/jb-dv 12000/= 07. Video monitor 15000/= 08. Human (per/month) 5000/= 12. Total 14,6,500/= Table-3.1The cost of operating the system The cost of equipments: The cost of equipments equipments Price 01. Handset spare part f/ie1gd 1500/= 02. Complete handset f/men-na 3000/= 03. Pc-380 select switch pc f/ap-m 1500/= 04. Ja av modulator 12000/= 05. Color mem vandal set 50000/= 06. Access control keypad f/jb-dv 12000/= 07. Door station adaptor f/ 1 door 5000/= 08. C.o. audible ringer 5000/= 09. Calling switch 5000/= 10. Single line auto phone dialer 5000/= 11. Power adapter 1000/= 12. Total 10,1,000/= Table-3.2 The cost of equipments Limitations of each method: During the time when one wave passes through another we say that the waves  interfere. It is really not correct to say that the waves collide or hit, although this is often how such an interaction is termed. When the  crest  of one wave passes through, or is  super positioned  upon, the  crest  of another wave, we say that the waves  constructively interfere. Constructive interference also occurs when the  trough  of one wave is super positioned upon the  trough  of another wave. During any wave interference the shape of the medium is determined by the sum of the separate amplitudes of each wave. We often say that when waves interfere, amplitudes add. Using the arrow buttons step through the above animation to see how the amplitudes add during constructive interference. Notice that in this animation the crest of the red wave constructively interferes with the crest of the blue wave. Recommendation for voice communications set up: Wireless Fidelity, better known as Wi-Fi, is a term used to describe the underlying technology of wireless local area networks based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 802.11 standards. Initially intended to connect mobile computing devices in local area networks, Wi-Fi applications have grown to include various data, voice, and video services such as Internet access and Voice over Internet Protocol. Wi-Fi technology platform is based on single-carrier direct-sequence spread spectrum and multi-carrier Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing radio technologies to transmit and receive signals. Wi-Fi is more commonly used in point-to-multipoint environments to allow extended network connectivity of multiple portable devices such as laptops, telephones, or PDAs. Wi-Fi also allows connectivity in point-to-point mode, which enables devices to directly connect and communicate to each other. A region covered by one or more APs is considered a hotspot. Home networks commonly deploy one AP that is typically connected directly to an Internet service provider , whereas larger networks may require at least several APs positioned in strategic locations to provide flexibility of service to a large number of users. Because of range constraints, Wi-Fi networks are used in localized regions. Figure 3.1: Common Wi-Fi Network Wi-Fi can be used in conjunction with other emerging wireless technologies, such as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) and Wireless Mesh Networking, to extend the coverage area of terrestrial networks and to provide high-speed mobile data and telecommunications services. For example, WiMAX can be used as a backhaul technology to connect multiple Wi-Fi hotspots with each other and to other parts of the Internet. WiMAX describes the technology behind wireless networks based on the IEEE 802.16 standards. Wi-Fi technology has been highly utilized for many applications such as voice communications, video communications, and various data services. This section describes how Wi-Fi technology supports these applications. The expansion of telecommunications has spawned great need for new technologies to provide sought-after voice communication services. Internet telephony, better known as VoIP, is a technology that allows for transport of voice traffic using an Internet Protocol (IP) network infrastructure. VoIP and Internet telephony have come a long way since their inception, and with the impressive development of Wi-Fi technologies, the popularity of voice communications over wireless will continue to increase. Common VoIP networks consist of the hardware and software enabling the end users to leverage the Internet as the transmission medium for telephone calls. IEEE 802.11 Voice over Wi-Fi is the wireless version of this technology that is designed to work with wireless devices. VoWi-Fi solutions provide mobile users during critical missions with the ability to roam wirelessly. Typically, a VoWi-Fi user device will connect to an AP to authenticate to a designated VoIP network. Once associated to an AP and authenticated to the appropriate network, a user will have the capability of mobile voice communications across enterprise networks, residential broadband networks, or even public/private hotspots. VoWi-Fi products are becoming more advanced and readily available to support various challenging short- and long-term voice service needs, such as in commercial, healthcare, private, and incident site environments. Given the steadily increasing demand for voice services and mobility, wired and wireless VoIP deployments continue to grow and eventually will become more prevalent than traditional circuit switching voice systems. One advantage VoWi-Fi provides over traditional circuit-based voice communications is an ability to easily accommodate user growth in many different operating environments, through software configuration. Typically, physical attributes of circuit-switched voice systems can limit the flexibility of real-time configuration. Deploying a wireless VoIP system can provide significant savings in cost and deployment time when compared with other wireless voice communication solutions. Problem Identification: Task 4 30 Marks Investigate telephone systems available in your country for single-site organisations like the Fire Department. Pay particular attention to: a) The main equipment that would be installed. b) The features available with each system. c) The cost of equipment and installation. d) The cost of operating the system. e) Provide a recommendation for which system to purchase including reasons for this recommendation. Solution of Task 4 a) The main equipment that would be installed: The following equipments are generally installed through telephone systems: 2.4 GHz digital cordless voice transmission, the latest cordless technology Up to 10 cordless handsets can share a single base station Up to 20 voice mailboxes on a single system Speech recognition enables you to control your system with your voice Text to speech synthesis technology enables your system to read your e-mail to you over the phone Smart call forwarding; have your calls forwarded to you when youre on the road Connects to your Windows computer to give you advanced unified messaging and computer telephony features b) Features available with each system: The following features are available with the installed telephone systems: Call Transfer Direct Inward Dialing and Direct Outward Dialing Hunting Line Restriction Station Line Identification Station-to-Station Dialing Centrex with Voice Mail Automatic Callback Call Forwarding-Busy Line Call Forwarding-Dont Answer Call Screen Call Trace Call Waiting-Incoming Directed Call Pickup Direct Inward Dial to Direct Outward Dial Transfer Call Transfer: Transfers calls, even cellular calls, to another line either inside or outside your Centrex system. Direct Inward Dialing and Direct Outward Dialing: Allows you to route calls directly or through an attendant. Hunting: Automatically sends an incoming call from a busy line to the next designated line. Line Restriction: Limits phone access on selected lines so that only authorized numbers or regions can be called. Station Line Identification: Provides a detailed record of calls made by each Centrex station including start time, duration, and toll call numbers. Automatic Callback: Allows a station user to be called when a previously busy station becomes idle. Call Forwarding-Busy Line: Automatically reroutes calls to a designated station or your voice mail if your line is busy. Call Forwarding-Dont Answer: Automatically reroute calls to another phone if you havent responded within a preset number of rings. Call Screen: Manages interruptions by having annoying or harassing calls diverted this feature allows up to ten customer-designated numbers to be routed directly to a prerecorded announcement. Call Trace: Allows you to alert the authorities with useful information when harassing or threatening calls are made to your business. Call Waiting-Incoming: Lets you take a second call if you are already on the line. Directed Call Pickup: Lets you answer a fellow employees line (within the call pickup group) without moving from your desk. Direct Inward Dial to Direct Outward Dial Transfer: Allows you to transfer an incoming direct dialed call to another location, either within the Centrex system or to an outside company, residence, car phone, etc.- instead of having the caller hang up and dial the new number. c) The cost of equipment and installation: Figure 4.1 The cost of equipments equipments Price 01. Handset spare part f/ie1gd 1500/= 02. Complete handset f/men-na 3000/= 03. Pc-380 select switch pc f/ap-m 1500/= 04. Ja av modulator 12000/= 05. Color mem vandal set 50000/= 06. Access control keypad f/jb-dv 12000/= 07. Door station adaptor f/ 1 door 5000/= 08. C.o. audible ringer 5000/= 09. Calling switch 5000/= 10. Single line auto phone dialer 5000/= 11. Power adapter 1000/= 12. Total 101000/= Table-4.1 the cost of equipments d) The cost of operating the system: The cost of operating the system Purpose Cost 01. 1pr cross connect wire wh/red red/white 1m feet 3000/= 02. Programming cable for air-phone 1500/= 03. IP network station port 35000/= 04. Controller card f/60 units non scrolling 25000/= 05. Pc-console-software 50000/= 06. Access control keypad f/jb-dv 12000/= 07. Video monitor 15000/= 08. Human (per/month) 5000/= 12. Total 146500/= Table-4.2The cost of operating the system Problem Identification: Task 5 10 Marks The Fire Department needs to remain operational in the event of a serious incident such as a major terrorist attack or war. Explain the measures you would put in place that would allow the Fire Department to operate in the event of Newtown having no electrical power and fixed telephone lines being broken. Solution of Task 5 Disaster recovery plans are complex, and can ultimately take two years or more to complete. While this can be taken in one way as from a disaster recovery consultant, it also comes from experience. To make a plan for the fire department network to deal with major disasters and also to deal with the short term failure of the system fallowing topics are included 1. Reason for Planning protect human life; recover critical operations; protect competitive position; preserve customer confidence and good will; and protect against litigation. 2. Recognition initial reaction procedures to a disaster report; notification procedures for police, fire, medical; and notification procedures for management. 3. Reaction mobilizing the EMT (executive management team); filing of initial damage assessment reports to the EMT; assisting EMT in preparation of statements; and opening a critical events log for audit purposes. 4. Recovery modified signing authority for equipment purchases; procedures for getting cash; procedures for maintaining physical security; procedures for arranging security at the damaged site; procedures for finding and getting to the recovery center (maps!); and procedures for arranging security at the recovery center. 5. Restoration coordination of restoration of the original site; restoration of electronic equipment; reloading of software; restoration of power, UPS, common building systems; replacement of fire suppression systems; rewiring of the building; restoring the LAN; and restoring the WAN connections. 6. Return to Normal testing procedures for new hardware and software; what constitutes a successful test (before recommitting production); training operations personnel; training employees; scheduling migration back to original site; and coordinating return to original site. 7. Rest and Relax schedule compensatory time off; and make visits to employees in rehab from stress. 8. Re-evaluate and Re-Document review your critical events log; evaluate vendor performance; recognize extraordinary achievements; preparing final review and activity report; and Aid in liability assessments. Problem Identification: Task 6 10 Marks Create a comprehensive, professional report describing your network recommendations. This should include the details of Tasks 1 5, have estimates of cost throughout and have an executive summary at the start giving the key points. Solution of Task 6 In this task I have Investigate the company telephone system requires a central switchboard for the whole building plus direct dialing into each individual member of the company. Typical modern telephone functions such as call waiting, conference calls, etc will be required. Investigate the in-house network (LAN) topology .In this network system we must select a topology and a medium thus we connect our network stations. Also we must provide a recommendation about the topology and media. Possible network topologies for each branch are: BUS RING STAR To setup a company intranet we need to consider the requirements for the media and connector in each implementation. This topic outlines the cable and connector specifications used to support network implementations. Network Media: A star may be wired with twisted-pair ,coax or WI-FI. Recommended: Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Type: Category 5 commonly know as CAT-5 A plan for Advertising Agency network to deal with major disasters and also to deal with the short term failure of the system. It is important that the system can be updated after temporary failure and that data is accessible in the event of a major disaster. Problems are going to occur. Hardware is going to fail. Networks are going to crash. The best thing Advertising Agency can do is plan for the inevitable, implement as many disasters avoidance mechanisms possible and be ready to react quickly when necessary. Some key points include: Implementation physical data security Protect critical systems Conclusion: Completing this work I have a good idea and experience about researching, creating reports, solving problems, on setup Local Area Network that I was required to complete for my assignment. During the completion of the work, I have to face many problems and I learn how to overcome these problems. I hope in future this assignment will help anyone to improve their study on LAN and to apply it on real life. Bibliography

Entropy, Pollution and Global Warming Essay -- Greenhouse Gases Climat

Entropy, Pollution and Global Warming The substances that we as human beings classify as 'pollutants' have always been present on the planet, because the earth is a closed system. The reason that these materials cause a negative impact on the environment, therefore, is not that they exist, but that they have been dispersed throughout the world's ecosystems in a very disordered fashion. To illustrate this, two pollutants of major concern will be considered, carbon dioxide (CO2) and sulphur dioxide (SO2). CO2 and SO2 are both given off when coal is burned to provide heat or to generate electricity. CO2 is the most important greenhouse gas contributing to global warming, and SO2 is the main cause of acid rain. Carbon and sulphur have no impact on the environment when they are locked up in ...

Whole Language versus Phonics Essay -- Education Language Communicatio

Whole Language versus Phonics Whole Language versus Phonics has been a question among many top educational groups for years. Which is the best way to teach kindergarten children the proper way to speak and learn the English Language? There are many valid reasons why experts argue for both phonics and/or whole language. Both seem to be exceptional ways to master the English Language. The purpose of this research paper is to compare phonics versus whole language and to determine how technology can support each approach. The history of the use of phonics dates back to the 1700’s. Backs then, children were taught to read through their memorization of the twenty-six-letter alphabet. Since many books hadn’t been written, their primary textbook was the Bible. Although there is no accounts for when whole language originated some believe that it was around the same time as phonics. The whole language reading method was widespread for thirty years, from around 1940 to 1970. From around 1970 to 1990, phonics was popular. Whole Language gained the most recent foothold around 1990. (Stahl 1996) Several times they have gone back and forth. The debate over whole language and phonics has gone on for years. Which way is best in teaching children how to read? The education world has been debating this issue for years and there still are no exact answers. In more recent year’s instruction specialist have argued that some sort of middle ground should be reached because it would give children the benefits of both. (Cromwell 1997) Some form of middle ground needs to be obtained if children’s needs are going to be met. What is whole language? It is the process of learning a language through whole word teaching. Combining reading, writing and s... ...1997). Phonics vs. whole language: Which is better? Retrieved May 2, 2004, http://www.superkids.com/aweb/pages/features/reading/phonics.shtml IRA. (December 2001) Integrating Literacy and Technology in the Curriculum. Retrieved May 3, 2004, http://www.reading.org/positions/technology.html Stahl, S. (1996) History of reading. Microsoft Encarta 96 Encyclopedia. (CD- ROM). Washington: Microsoft Corporation. Ghate, O. (November 20, 2003). Modern "Educators" vs. Reading. Capitalism Magazine, Page Unknown, Retrieved May 3, 2004. http://capmag.com/article.asp?ID=3337 Sanchez, R. (March 19, 1998). A mixed approach to reading. Washington Post, Page A02, Retrieved February 26, 2004. http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&contentId=A99123-1998Mar19Â ¬Found=true Young, Laura (2004). Interview at Alpine Elementary, Pearblossom, California.

Nummi

As we compare to Japanese and American culture we can more or less comment on why GM was having difficulties while learning from the ANNUM experience. The GM plant in Fremont, California was opened in 1963 and closed down in 1982 due to bottom ranked in productivity among GM plants and the reputation of the worst quality cars in the entire GM system. The major problem was heavily relying on mistrust and fairness between management and union.Whereas Toyota at Annum showed the importance of using all means available to establish a climate of fairness such as flat organization, fewer levels of management, no exclusive bonuses and no distinctions between managers and team members such as using the same cafeteria for lunch or no dress differences. The core values were customer satisfaction by means of high quality and low cost, dignity, trust, teamwork, consistency, continual improvement. This sort of approaches was quite different from happily American manufacturing culture as well as it s culture itself.Japanese already discovered that in order to maintain waste free and high quality production they have to work well with people work on the line and provide them to the same privilege as white collar employees. Employees In most Japanese companies stay In the companies from low position to higher position and they generally work In the companies for their whole career. In the U. S. Companies often go through massive reorganization, therefore employees will be promoted or laid off.

Moral matters Essay

PRAYER is the center for Jesus. Religion has two aspects: On the one hand it maintains certain standards of conduct, on the other it affirms certain beliefs about the ultimate nature of the universe. It is prayer which connects the two. Without it the one of these would be ethics, and the other would be theology. Prayer makes them elements in religion. In prayer the individual brings together God, life’s ideal values, and himself. It is evident from the gospels that Jesus believed in prayer, told men to pray, and prayed himself. Mark narrates how early in the morning before others are about he withdraws to the desert to pray (Mark 1:35). Late in the evening after teaching the multitudes all day he goes into a mountain to pray (Mark 6:46). The hours before the arrest are spent in prayer. Luke is particularly interested in the prayers of Jesus, and adds to Mark’s account various other references. At the time of the baptism, when the heavens opened and he saw the vision, he was praying (Mark 14:32). When the multitudes crowded upon him after the healing of the leper, â€Å"he withdrew into the deserts and prayed (Luke 3:21). † Before choosing the Twelve, and before he asked the disciples what they thought of himself, he was in prayer (Luke 5:16). The Transfiguration occurred when he was at prayer (Luke 6:12, 9:18). The request of the disciples, â€Å"Lord, teach us to pray,† was made at the close of one of his periods of prayer (Luke 9:28). Some of these may be editorial additions in order to provide settings for sayings or incidents where the actual occasion had been forgotten, but there can be no doubt that they represent an authentic record of the practice of Jesus. One notices immediately several facts about these acts of prayer. In the first place, a considerable number of them occur at times of decision and crisis. Important junctures and turning points in Jesus’ career were approached after long periods of silent meditation and prayer. In the second place, one notes that prayer was for Jesus a refreshing and invigorating experience. From the turmoil, confusion, and fatigue of dealing with the multitudes he sought refuge in withdrawals for quiet prayer. His words to his disciples show what these retreats meant to himself. â€Å"Come ye yourselves apart into a desert place and rest awhile,† he said when they returned telling of their strenuous campaign through the cities and villages of Galilee (Guignebert 67). Such experiences of rest, reflection, and prayer Jesus himself had found necessary in order to carry on the spiritually and emotionally exhausting undertaking in which he was engaged. Such a practice of prayer throws valuable light on Jesus’ own religion. In spite of his clarity of mind and intuitive understanding of religious and moral matters, in spite too of his independence and the authority with which he taught, it is evident that Jesus had no sense of religious self-sufficiency and personal adequacy. His intuitive moral judgments and his consciousness of authority to proclaim God’s will were rather the results of these hours in which he sought to ascertain the purposes of God and to be led by him. If one should ask what Jesus taught about prayer, it must be answered that he gave very little definite teaching. There were certain things he said about it, but he gave no set rules or systematic directions for prayer. To him it was an intensely personal thing, and never to be reduced to form or ritual. Professor Bundy, speaking of Jesus’ retreats for the purpose of prayer, remarks that there was no regularity about these retreats. â€Å"They were in no sense a part of a prayer system. For Jesus prayer was not a traditional religious exercise to be engaged in and observed at certain set hours, but the spontaneous impromptu practice of an intense personal piety. † Indeed one learns more about prayer as Jesus practiced it from his own prayers recorded in the gospels than from any instructions he gave about praying. By putting together precept and practice one can learn something of his conception of prayer and the objects for which he thought men should pray (Taylor 145-50). First and foremost should be placed the fact that Jesus repeatedly and in the strongest possible language urged his hearers to pray. â€Å"Ask, and it shall be given you; seek, and ye shall find; knock, and it shall be opened unto you: for every one that asketh receiveth; and he that seeketh findeth; and to him that knocketh it shall be opened. Or what man is there of you, who, if his son ask for a loaf, will he give him a stone; or if he ask for a fish, will he give him a serpent? If ye then, being evil, know how to give good gifts unto your children, how much more shall your Father who is in heaven give good things to them that ask him? † (Matt. 7: 11) On other occasions he was even more emphatic. â€Å"If ye have faith as a grain of mustard seed,† he said in extreme illustration, â€Å"ye shall say unto this mountain, Remove hence to yonder place; and it shall remove; and nothing shall be impossible unto you. † By such words he tried to impress upon his hearers that God gives heed to prayer. For he knew that the reason men do not pray is that they do not believe that anything will be accomplished by it. God does hear and answer the prayer of faith. To Jesus prayer was not a process of autosuggestion or a devotional ritual with subjective values, but an actual source of power for accomplishment (Pannenberg 267)