The History of Advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The History of Advertising - Essay Example This conversation focuses on that there are numerous purposes behind this like, culture, riches, accessibility of credit and obviously item advancement. This paper takes a gander at these propensities based on a significant section throughout the entire existence of promoting. The promoting business was stirred up by a man called William Bernbach. His most striking accomplishments were the advertisements delivered by his organization for the German automaker Volkswagen, not long after their presentation in the US. The work here will concentrate a portion of the highlights of the module and its connection to the promotions of Bernbach for Volkswagen.â From this paper unmistakably William Bernbach and his associate Ned Doyle and Maxwell Dane shaped the promoting office named Doyle Dane Bernbach (DDB) in 1949. This organization made the progressive promotion crusades for the 1950s and 1960s.The Volkswagen battle was viewed as a standout amongst other battle since it expanded the deals of the Volkswagen vehicle. â€Å"This promotion battle set up the Volkswagen brand as a marker for nonconformity.† Bernbach’s publicizing procedure was to trey to keep clients instead of pulling in the consideration of the individuals who were not keen on the item. Bernbach comprehended that a promotion didn’t sell an item and he defined inventive styles in printing the commercials. Their thought was to give straightforwardness in print notices. These commercials were altogether not the same as the natural ads which offered significance to the American automobile’s amazing motors, and huge size and so on. The Volkswagen noti ces encouraged individuals to purchase a vehicle which they could drive cheaply.â

Explain how the corporate guided market mitigates the threat of Essay

Clarify how the corporate guided market mitigates the danger of under-utilization in the arrangement of plenitude - Essay Example Numerous individuals may neglect to participate in utilization since they come up short on the important data about the accessible products. Accordingly, by participating in exercises like marking and publicizing, the potential customers would be furnished with the data about the creation, use and advantages of different wares in the market. Through this, they would be baited to get them subsequently expanding their utilization levels to coordinate the degree of creation (Keynes 75). Aside from serious advertising of the accessible items, the corporate guided market ought to consider auditing the work showcase. Since under utilization is credited to low or deteriorated compensation, the representatives ought to be offered higher and sensible wages that compare with the sort of work that they offer. This can help in enabling them to have enough pay that they can use in buying all the accessible items in the market (Sullivan and Steven 29). All things considered, they are created to be completely

5 Alternatives to an Expensive Cash Advance

5 Alternatives to an Expensive Cash Advance 5 Alternatives to an Expensive Cash Advance 5 Alternatives to an Expensive Cash AdvanceIf youre considering an expensive cash advance loan to cover unforeseen expenses, make sure you check out your other options, first.When an unexpected bill rears its ugly head, you might find yourself taking out one or more high-interest cash advances in order to make ends meet. These short-term payday loans might seem like the only option you have available to youâ€"especially if you’ve got bad creditâ€"but they most likely are not.Instead of simply settling for an expensive cash advance loan, make sure you explore every possible way to cover that surprise expense. These five alternatives are a good place to start.1. Friends and family.Easier said than done, right? And it’s true! Borrowing money from friends and family has a lot of advantages over taking out an expensive cash advance loan, but it certainly has its downsides as well.The positives: It’s a fair bet that you’ll pay a much lower interest rate on this loan than you would on cash advance loans, which come with average APRs of 400 percent! You might even be able to borrow that money interest-free! Although that isn’t something you should count on.The downsides, on the other hand, are pretty obvious. Failing to pay back this money might not end up hurting your credit score, but it could irreparably damage your relationship with a person you’re close to.Unlike with a traditional loan, friends and family members are more likely to be flexible with your payment dates. This is a positive that can easily become  a negative. If you are constantly blowing past pre-agreed upon due dates (or the two of you never set a date, to begin with), that could be the end for that relationship.If you are able to borrow money from a friend or family member instead of taking out a cash advance loan, we recommend that you and the other party set crystal clear terms before any cash changes hands. We even have a loan agreement template that you two can use to get those ter ms in writing.2. Credit cards.One of the reasons that people turn to cash advance loans is because they don’t have a credit card or they have maxed out the ones they already have. Folks in these situations often have the kinds of low credit scores that prevent them from taking out a new card.All that having been said, if you do have the option of putting an emergency expense on a credit card instead of a cash advance loan, it will mean lower interest rates and more manageable payments. It’s not a good option, but it’s a better bad option.With a payday cash advance loan, you’ll have to pay the entire thing off at oneâ€"interest and principal. And while the promise of getting out of debt quickly sounds good, the reality of the situation is different. According to a study from the Pew Charitable Trusts, well over 80 percent of payday loan borrowers don’t have the money in their monthly budgets to afford their loans.This means that many borrowers are left to either take out a new loan immediately after they pay off the old one or “roll over” the original loanâ€"extending the due date in return for a brand new interest charge. Either way, they can soon find themselves stuck in a predatory cycle of debt.Credit cards can also leave you stuck in a debt cycleâ€"let’s make that clearâ€"but they do let you pay off a larger bill more gradually, and with a much lower interest rate. You should still pay off the charge as aggressively as you can, but you’ll be given far more breathing room to do so.Racking up massive amounts of credit card debt can be a huge problem. But when compared to cash advance loans, credit cards are a far more affordable option.3. Installment loans.Not all bad credit loans are of the short-term variety. Some come with longer repayment terms and an amortizing payment structure where you pay the loan off in a series of regularly scheduled paymentsâ€"just like regular personal loans!These are installment loans, and they’re worth a lo ok. While it’s tough to make broad statements across the many different lenders, borrowers, and local regulations governing these types of loans, the right bad credit installment loan could be a much better option for you than a short-term cash advance.The right bad credit loan will have lower rates than a payday cash advance or title loan, and it will also come with more manageably sized payments that fit your budget. And certain bad credit installment lenders, like OppLoans, also report your payment information to the credit bureaus, which means that making your payments on time could help raise your score!If you’re considering a bad credit installment loan, take a look at whether or not the lender checks your ability to repay. While these loans are generally considered “no credit check loans”â€"because the lenders don’t run a hard credit check when you applyâ€"some lenders still do their due diligence.All things being equal, the more a lender cares about your ability to repay, the less likely you are to end up with a storefront or online loan that you simply can’t affordâ€"and never should have been allowed to borrow in the first place.4. Pawn shops.In case you’re not familiar with them, here’s how pawn shops work. You bring in a valuable piece of property and you use it as collateral to secure a small-dollar loan. You then have a set amount of time to pay the loan back, which varies from state to state, and oftentimes you’ll have an option to extend). If you don’t pay the loan back (plus interest) the pawn shop is able to sell your collateral. That’s it!Obviously, there are downsides to this: namely, the loss of your valuables! Plus, you’ll be hard-pressed to receive a loan that’s actually worth the item’s full value. But still, having the option to forfeit your collateral instead of paying the loan back is better than being forced into a predatory cycle of debt.Like with credit cards, taking out a pawn shop loan isn’t necessa rily a good option, but it’s certainly a less-bad option than taking out a high-interest cash advance loan.5. An emergency fund.For folks who already need to cover an unexpected expense, this option won’t do you much good. The point of an emergency fund is to already have it in place before you need that extra cash. This way, you don’t have to worry about borrowing any money at all!But for everyone else, building and maintaining a well-stocked emergency fund is the best alternative to an expensive cash advance. The earlier you start building one, the better.Experts generally recommend an emergency fund large enough to cover six-months living expenses. That’s a lot of money! But instead of letting yourself get overwhelmed, just start saving whatever money you canâ€"even if it’s as little as a few dollars a week.Not sure how exactly to start saving? No problem. Just check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:Save More Money with These 40 Expert TipsBuilding You r Financial Life: Budgeting for BeginnersFrom Budget to Baller: 6 Tips to Grow Your Money8 Good Habits to Get Your Financesâ€"and Your Lifeâ€"on TrackDo you have a personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |Instagram

Strengths And Weaknesses Of Qualitative Research - 1170 Words

Explore the strengths and weaknesses of any two approaches to analyzing qualitative data. Explain why you might be more likely to use one type than another in qualitative research. Introduction Research is vital in the Social Sciences because a noteworthy understanding of our social reality will be gained which may influence policies and practices (Schutt, 2009). However, to commence a research study the researcher needs to determine their research method of either Qualitative Methods, Quantitative Methods or sometimes both to â€Å"enrich their research† (Schutt, 2009, p. 17). The main focus of this assignment will be assessing the strengths and weaknesses of Narrative Analysis and Thematic Analysis. Both these approach are categorised under†¦show more content†¦However, there is no guarantee that the data collected are reliable as participants may not be able to recall experiences from a long period of time, therefore, it will lead to unreliable results (Schutt, 2009). To overcome this issue, the researcher can possibly interview/observe more participants such as a relative who belong in the same ‘story’ to gain similar yet accurate accounts. However, this may prove time-consuming because of the process of Narrative Analysis, requires a large amount of time to conduct. As stated above, the Narrative Analysis approach has a time management disadvantage as the process is time-consuming (Bornstein and Lamb, 2010). The researcher needs to examine the seven elements in the Narrative Analysis process which includes, the plot, the story, the events, the text and subtext, kernels, satellites and the actors. Although it is argued that the process carries a detailed examination, it is still considered laborious, therefore, samples for the Narrative study is kept small (Bornstein and Lamb, 2010) which will be problematic as the results will be considered unrepresentative to the general population. Furthermore, the researcher will need to read their notes repeatedly and transcribe each account said by the participants with great detail and accuracy as some texts may include interwoven and partial stories (Lee et al, 2013), consequently, the researcher will spend more time collecting the data than analyzing the data. Nonetheless,Show MoreRelatedCompare the Strengths and Weaknesses of Quantitative and Qualitative Research1847 Words   |  8 PagesCompare the strengths and weaknesses of quantitative and qualitative research. Illustrate your answer with appropriate research situations. Introduction There are two board research approaches: called qualitative and quantitative research. The writer is going to compare the strengths and weaknesses of both two research approach by introducing two different research papers both related to elder abuse. 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It is also helps us to understand the importance and measure of a humanitarian crisis by giving a numbers of picture of its impact upon the affected communities. Quantitative addresses the question, like how many, orRead MoreWorkplace Violence in Corporate America Essay1547 Words   |  7 PagesThe proposed research is an examination of workplace violence in Corporate America. As a growing concern in all industries, preventive measures need to be explored. Three types of research methods will be compared and contrasted in relation to the proposed research. The methods to be analyzed are quantitative designs, qualitative designs, and mixed methods designs. The appropriateness of each design will be examined as they relate to the topic. Workplace violence is a serious problem that deservesRead MoreM odule 1 Slp . Introduction To Research Methodologies .1219 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction to Research Methodologies MAE 504 Research Methods in Education Dr. Wilson Tiaqunia Hayes Your task for the Module 1 SLP assignment is twofold: FIRST, fill in the matrix with information pertaining to the following items: identify the type of research represented by each methodology listed in the matrix (i.e., quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods) describe the purpose of each research methodology listed in the matrix, provide an example of a research problem for each methodologyRead MoreStrengths And Weaknesses Of Experimental Research1459 Words   |  6 PagesExperimental Research: Is a form of quantitative research where the experimenter manipulates the conditions in one group to see if certain activities or materials will change the outcome. The strengths of experimental research are researcher can have control over variables, can be used in many fields of research, there are clear conclusions, research can tailor the experiment to his or her needs easy to determine the causes and effects. The weaknesses of experimental research are thereRead MoreUnderstanding Business Research Terms and Concepts: Part 1 Essay824 Words   |  4 PagesBusiness Research Terms and Concepts: Part 1 Two research studies, The Workers Compensation Experience: A Qualitative Exploration of Workers Beliefs Regarding the Impact of the Compensation System on Their Recovery and Rehabilitation and A Comparative Study between Army Civilian Workforce and Private Industry Workforce Workers Compensation Claims Management, pertaining to worker’s compensation will be analyzed. 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Does mindfulness-based stress reduction create happiness in people diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Method For the purpose of this study, the research will be conducted in an exploratory manner. Attempting to satisfy the curiosity that mindfulness-based stress reduction createsRead MoreThe Purpose and Need for Research983 Words   |  4 PagesResearch can be viewed as an undertaking to discovery or as a means to confirm or reject proposed hypotheses. It is an endeavor to understand and explain our environment, nature or societies as they are perceived by our senses and diverse viewpoints. Designs used to frame these studies are formed under three types of methodologies: qualitative, quantitative and mixed-method headings. These methodologies propose to answer the theories that underline the research design and each comes with its own

The Teachings of Islam - 662 Words

The Teachings of Islam Islam is a religion with different rules, and beliefs. Islam is not only a religion, it is also a teaching. It takes a lot of time away from a Muslims everyday life, the Muslim’s have to do multiple prayers every single day. Islam includes, the five pillars of faith, and the holy Qur’an. All Islamics must believe in one god and only one god, Allah. The five pillars of faith are basic acts, the first one is the Declaration of Faith. This act states that you can see Allah, your only god, along with Muhammad who is Allah’s messenger. Muhammed may also be Allah servant at times if needed. The second pillar of faith is Prayers, if you follow the islamic religion then you had to make five prayers a day. The first prayer is done in the morning, it is called Fajr. It is done one hour before sunrise because if it is done during sun rise then you might take on the appearance that you are worshipping the sun. The second prayer is done near midday when the sun is declining, this prayer is called Zhur. The next one is done in the afternoon about half an before sunset and is called Asr. The fourth prayer is done a little after sunset and is Maghrib, and the fifth and final prayer is done at night when it is dark and can possibly last until mid-night, this prayer is called Isha. The third Pillar of faith is the tax on people, every year 2% of a familys possessions were taken for different reasons. One of the reasons was to help the poor or the people whoShow MoreRelatedThe Teachings of Islam653 Words   |  3 Pagesabout Islam, I’m pretty sure you have. People say that Islam tells you have to live your life, but really Islam tells you much more, like how to be nice to people, and what you get for being nice. It teaches you how to be a good person and stay away from bad things. Islam is the most fastest growing religion on the face of the earth. The word Islam means voluntary â€Å"Submission† or â€Å"Surrender† to the Will of God. It derives from the root word â€Å"salam,† meaning peace. A person who follows Islam is aRead MoreSocial Teachings of Islam1089 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Teachings of Islam Islam is an Abrahamic religion followed predominantly by those living in the Middle East and northern parts of Africa. The Arabic word â€Å"islam†, or â€Å"surrender† in English, encompasses what all Muslims are expected to do--surrender to Allah and his will. The teachings of Allah through Muhammad are known as the Qur’an. To Muslims, these teachings are a way of life that reaches past being a moral code for the individual and into the social aspects of their society. TheRead MoreThe Basic Teachings of Islam3603 Words   |  15 PagesTopic: the basic teachings of Islam Introduction Religion is one way of helping people establish a meaningful way of life, ground on promoting humanity’s personal growth and the concerns of others. 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The Basic Mechanisms of Homeostasis Free Essays

The Basic Mechanisms of Homeostasis Overview of homeostasis The term homeostasis was first coined by Walter Cannon in 1929 to literally mean ‘steady state’. It describes the dynamic equilibrium by which internal constancy is maintained within set limits by regulation and control. There are many examples of homeostatic control throughout the human body and in other living organisms, such as pH, pressure, and temperature. We will write a custom essay sample on The Basic Mechanisms of Homeostasis or any similar topic only for you Order Now A concept important to homeostasis is the process of feedback circuits; involving a receptor, an effector, and a control centre. A receptor is responsible for detecting a change in the body, while the effector corrects this. The control centre organises these two together to elicit the response. The most common form of control in homeostasis is known as negative feedback, in which an excess or deficit in a homeostatic system triggers its own regulation. The diagram below illustrates this concept in reference to the control of temperature (Figure 1). Figure 1 is a simple representation of a rather complicated process. Here, the several types of negative feedback circuits involved in temperature control have been summarised into one. The hypothalamus is a combined receptor and control centre, both recognising extremes of temperature change, and triggering bodily effectors to correct the changes. Figure 1 shows the responses to a decrease in body temperature, which directs organs to increase metabolism, thus causing shivering. Another effect would be causing hair cells on the skin to force up their hairs, creating a trapped layer of air across the body surface. Such effects should then cause the body temperature to rise to the optimal 37Â °C again, causing feedback to switch the circuit ‘off’. If this does not occur, the circuit will continue to direct effectors to warm the body because the feedback will not be switched ‘off’. Recent research, however has added another dimension to the accepted definition of homeostasis. Scientists studying circadian rhythms (24-hour bodily cycles) have pointed out that the internal environment does not have completely constant ‘normal’ set point. They have found, for example, that he set point for human body temperature varies over a 24 hour cycle, fluctuating between 36Â °C and 37Â °C. As a result of this research, current thinking suggests that while homeostasis controls the ‘minute-by-minute fluctuation in the environment’ , circadian rhythms control the body’s general programming over time. In this essay, we will concentrate on two examples of homeostasis, one that occurs in humans and one which occurs in plants. Firstly, we will discuss the control of blood glucose levels in mammals, and then will look at the role of plant stomata in regulating water loss. Example 1: Control of blood glucose levels The human body has a number of mechanisms in place to regulate the storage and release of molecules for energy. Sometimes, an individual will consume more calories than can be immediately used, so sugars will be stored in the form of glycogen (a polymer of glucose) in liver and muscle cells. Other periods of increased activity may however, require the sudden release of energy, whereby glycogen is initially oxidised from the stores in the liver. Clearly, this is another example of homeostasis and it is outlined in Figure 2. Two enzymatic hormones are utilised by the body to control the interchange of glucose as an energy molecule and glycogen as a storage molecule. The first, insulin, lowers blood glucose levels by promoting its conversion to glycogen. The second, glucagon, increases glucose levels by allowing glycogen to be phosphorylated. Both of these hormones are produced and released by specialised cells in the pancreas known as Islets of Langerhans. Insulin is released from ? -cells, and glucagon is released from ? -cells. Figure 2: Blood glucose control by insulin and glucagon If the blood glucose level is too high, more insulin and less glucagon is released. This causes cells to take in glucose from the blood, while the liver converts glucose to glycogen. During low levels of blood glucose however, glucagon release increases, activating the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver, and glucose is released into the blood. This is a good example of negative feedback control, as the lowering of blood glucose, for example, inhibits further insulin secretion. Importantly, insulin is dependent upon calcium. This is because glucose activates calcium channels. When glucose levels are high, the subsequent release of calcium results in calcium binding to calmodulin. Together, the two molecules promote insulin vesicles to be released from the pancreas. This demonstrates the negative feedback system discussed in the overview. Example 3: Control of water loss by plants Plants need to balance their need to conserve water with their need to photosynthesise energy. Transpiration causes water to be pulled up through the plant passively as water diffuses out through the leaves. These pores are opened and closed by the action of surrounding guard cells, located as illustrated in Figure 3. Figure 3: Drawing of stoma guard cells These guard cells can take on two extremes of conformation; either flaccid, to close the stoma, or turgid, to open the stoma. When guard cells take in water via osmosis, they swell, become turgid, and are forced to bulge outwards into a kidney shape, opening the stoma. They adhere to this shape both because the two cells are attached to each other at either end, and because cellulose microfibrils constrain them. However, if the guard cells lose their water content, they shrink and become flaccid, closing the stoma so that water cannot leave. The opening and closing of the stomata have been shown to be affected by light concentrations. When illuminated, the concentration of solutes in the guard cell vacuoles increases because starch is converted to malic acid, and a proton pump in the plasma membrane is stimulated. The proton pump removes hydrogen ions (H+) from the guard cells, and in response, potassium ions (K+) flow into the cell. Chloride ions (Cl-) also flow into the cell via another pump in response to the H+ concentration difference. The accumulation of these ions and malate in the vacuole of the guards cells is enough to cause the water potential to drop within the guard cells. Water then flows in by osmosis, leading to the turgidity just described and opening the pore. As this opening process occurs in light, exactly the opposite happens at night. As light is lost, channels open to conduct Cl- and K+ out of the guard cells, water is lost, and the cells become flaccid and close. Another stimulus for the closing of stomata is an emergency response to the plant wilting from lack of water. In this case, CO2 concentration increases inside the leaf cells, and alongside the wilting, causes the plant to release the hormone abscisic acid (ABA). This diffuses into guard cells and activates the loss of Cl- and K+, effectively mimicking the night time action of the stomata. Concluding Remarks The idea of homeostasis has been well-developed since it was first identified in the mid-1900s. We have seen in this essay that feedback loops play an important part in homeostatic processes, and that the process is controlled by the action of detector and effector hormones and other molecules activated by control centres. Ongoing research also indicates that innate circadian rhythms affect the processes of homeostasis, causing the optimal set point for internal conditions to vary on a daily basis. Bibliography Alberts, B. , Bray, D. , Lewis, J. , Raff, M. , Roberts, K. , Watson, J. D. (1994). Molecular Biology of the Cell: Third Edition. Garland Publishing, U. S. A. Campbell, N. A. , Reece, J. B. Mitchell, L. G. (1999). Biology: Fifth Edition. Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. U. S. A. Foster, R. Kreitzman, L. (2004). Rhythms of Life: The biological clocks that control the daily lives of every living thing. Profile Books, London. Givens, P. , Reiss, M. , Rowland, M. (1996). Human Biology and Health Studies. Nelson, Surrey. Jurd, R. D. (1997). Instant Notes in Animal Biology. BIOS Scientific Publishers, Oxford. Rost, T. L. , Barbour, M. G. , Stocking, C. R. , Murphy, T. M (1998). Plant Biology. Wadsworth Publishing Company, USA. Van De Graaff, K. M. Fox, S. I. (1999). Concepts of Human Anatomy Physiology. McGraw Hill, USA. Webpage: Physiological ecology: functional responses to environment. Accessed 16/03/2005. http://www. ecology. botany. ufl. edu/. .. /homeostasis. html Webpage: Class Notes (2002). Accessed 17/03/2005. http://www. msu. edu/course/lbs/145/smith/s02/classnotes_032802. html Webpage: No title. Accessed 17/03/2005. http://www. puc. edu/Faculty/Gilbert_Muth/botgloss. htm How to cite The Basic Mechanisms of Homeostasis, Essay examples

Personality and Leadership Essay Example

Personality and Leadership Essay A Comparing Traits and Skills Theories Impact on Leadership Robert L. Reese Grand Canyon university October 1st, 2014 Introduction In this review (see table 1) two empirical articles were compared, one that reviewed Trait Theory of leadership, and the other that reviewed Skills Theory of leadership. Personality and Leadership: A Qualitative and Quantitative Review, authored by Timothy A. Judge, Joyce E. Bono, Reams lies, and Megan W. Gerhardt conducted quantifiable evaluations of the connection between character traits and Leadership. The rationale of this research study was the existence of unreliable and inadequate results from prior examinations that have, until recently, provided a deficient configuration for categorizing and consolidating qualities. The authors were able to build a strong case based for their approach; by using the five-factor model of personality as a unifying structure to predict relationships between character traits and leadership. Additionally, there were relationships containing several standards were used, because of the apprehension with past personality trait research as to whether comprehensive or precise character traits forecast leadership? The article further investigates the comparative projective power of wide-ranging versus precise measures of these five traits (Timothy A. Judge, 2002). The leadership skills strapless: Leadership skill requirements across organizational levels the authors Troy V. Uniform, Michael A. Champion, Frederick P. Morrison; endeavors to not classify the features of leaders (that has had a varying history of success), but instead focuses attention directly on the job requirements of the leader, as well as the skills it squires, not focusing on the person. We will write a custom essay sample on Personality and Leadership specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Personality and Leadership specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Personality and Leadership specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A further consideration of the skills required for leadership across an organizations level is examined by Identifying four distinctive classifications of leadership skill requirements that occur across structural levels. According to this article, the requirements for leadership are described as being stratified on one hand, yet a complex of various classifications. As such, skills needed for leadership can be described using a strapless selling the stratification and multifaceted nature of the skills required for leadership and the correlation within The research questions posed by Judge, et. Al (2002) in the research examination of the five-factor model of personality and how this model relates to leadership : 1 What are the associations between personality traits and leadership? 2. ) What is the overall connection among the Big Five character traits and leadership? (the Big Five character traits are defined in this article as: Neurotics, Extroversion, Openness, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness) 3. ) What is the relationship that lower level personality constructs have to leadership? (Timothy A. Judge, 2002) In the research inducted Uniform, et. Al. Several questions were posed in the form of hypotheses: (1) Will the Cognitive, Interpersonal, Business, and Strategic skill categories be empirically distinguishable in relation leadership? (2) How will Leadership skills requirements will vary by skill category such that Cognitive skills will be needed the greatest amount, followed by Interpersonal, Business, and Strategic skills, respectively? (3) Will Cognitive, Interpersonal, Business, and Strategic skill requirements will be positively related to the Jobs level in the organization? How will the skills required in leadership interact within different organizational level? For example: a. Which skill requirements will be more strongly related to organizational level; strategic, cognitive, interpersonal, and/or business skills; b. Will the business skill requirements needed of leaders be more strongly related to organizational level than cognitive or interpersonal skills; and c. Will the interpersonal skill requirements needed for leaders be more strongly related to organizational level than cognitive skills? (Troy V. Uniform, 2007 ). Sample Populations The two articles reviewed used different methods with different characteristics and or qualities, as well as examining two distinctly different theories related to leadership. Judge, et. Al. (2002) samples consisted of 1023 professional employees within international agencies of the United States government. These people were working within five different career fields and encompassed 1 56 different countries.. The organizational positions examined included people that were involved in supervision of the purchasing of goods and services, managing financial endeavors, and negotiating and monitoring contracts. The personnel were selected from different levels within the organization; Juniors with 1-5 years of experience, mid- level with 6-20 years, and seniors with 21+ years (Timothy A. Judge, 2002). In the research conducted by Uniform, et. Al. (2007) an examination 998 plus past studies was conducted. Searches of articles were conducted and this resulted in 1,447 abstracts, 263 Journal articles and 77 dissertations. Of these articles used sixty studies were examined with 73 independent samples in all, which contained 222 associations that were categorized into one or more of the traits. In addition the article, examined 20 studies relating self-esteem or locus of control, together with two of the 60 five-factor model studies. However when research on leadership (before 1950) failed to report the information necessary to obtain a linkage, these were excluded by the current research. Also, the articles omitted studies that defined leadership related to salary level, career success, or the person most liked by peers exclusively. Studies that were included in the examination, were studies defined as representing leader development or leadership effectiveness based on the authors Within the research study Personality and Leadership: A Qualitative and Quantitative Review (2002) Judge et. Al the following results were determined. First, Extroversion showed the most closely related correlation to leadership, then Conscientiousness and then Neurotics. Also, Openness to Experience showed a correlation with leadership but was the weakest correlation of the areas researched. This indicated confidence that the relationship of four of the Big Five traits were distinctive when examined across situations. Finally, Agreeableness presented a moderately weak connection with leadership. However, four characteristics displayed reasonably strong associations with leadership?sociability, dominance, achievement and dependability. Two personality traits, Extroversion and Openness, were significantly predictive of leadership across the criteria studied. Results in the Judge et. Al. (2002) study offers strong evidence in favor of the personality trait method and suggests that research on the characteristics of leadership has evolved (Timothy A. Judge, 2002). In the Uniform, et. Al. Search study of the leadership skill requirements across organizational levels, the results supported the four-factor model of dervish skill requirements and the question presents in Hypothesis number one. Cognitive skills were higher than Business skills although they both showed movement in the predicted directions and were not statistically noteworthy. Thus according to this study, hypothesis two was somewhat supported. Hypothesis three, through the research received full support, because leadership skill requirements increased with organizational level on which the leader was. Results indicated that the relationship between the skill requirements of leadership and organizational bevel was stronger for strategic skills than for interpersonal and cognitive skill requirements, and this provides partial support for hypothesis four (a). Hypothesis four (b) was fully supported within the research by the relationship demonstrated between skill level and organizational level being stronger for business skill requirements than for interpersonal and cognitive skill requirements. Finally, hypothesis four (c) was also completely supported, because the difference between the leadership skill requirements-to-organizational level correlation; was significant for interpersonal and cognitive skill requirements. Finally, Uniform, et. Al. Proposed a hypothetically rich leadership skills order, and tested this hierarchy in a sample of over 1000 lower, middle, and upper level leaders, these results provided support for the model and its key hypotheses (Troy V. Uniform, 2007 Conclusion Within their research study Personality and Leadership: A Qualitative and Quantitative Review (2002) Judge et. L. Searches were conducted for studies on personality traits-to-leadership relationship in two phases; (1) entering the keywords personality and leadership along with each of the Big Five traits in a database, (2) urinals were manually searched that were thought to be particularly relevant, then (3) the database was searched using leadership and 48 other traits such as; self- esteem, locus of control, modesty, and self-control that were known to have been studied as directly related to leadership (Bass, 1990) (Timothy A. Judge, 2002). The article, The leadership skills strapless: Leadership skill requirements across organizational levels by Uniform et. Al. (2007), examines previous conceptualizations of leadership skill requirements and suggests that this can be understood in terms of and (4) Strategic skills (Troy V. Uniform, 2007 The research study of Personality and Leadership: A Qualitative and Quantitative Review (2002) Judge et. Al. Discusses the following limitations. In the review and subsequent research it was found to be important to determine which traits are relevant, as well as why. Within this study these process oriented issues could not be addressed. According to the authors there are many situational reasons that may impact the validity of personality characteristics in actually predicting leadership. A drawback of the meta-analysis within the study was that there may be representative effects on the lower order rats. Specifically, personality traits within a particular Big Five dimension may be differentially connected to leadership across the settings. Judge, et. Al. (2002) point out using the example, that dominance may display greater association with leadership in student settings than in military or government settings (Timothy A. Judge, 2002). In Uniform, et. Al. Research study of the leadership skill necessities across structural levels, limitations were examined by looking toward what would be appropriate for future research. According to the authors future research will have to cake advantage of the conceptual and concrete findings and further experiment with the model in throughout other organizations. Furthermore, future research must refine management development, placement, and selection systems in within different organizations. Finally, other researchers should explore the degree to which these results can be replicated when other information is taken into consideration and determine the impact leadership skill requirements (Troy V. Uniform, 2007 ). References Bass, B. M. (1990). Bass and Goodwills handbook of leadership. New York: Free Press. Timothy A. Judge, J. E. (2002). Personality and Leadership: A Qualitative and Quantitative Review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 765-780. Troy V. Uniform, M. A. (2007 ). The leadership skills strapless: Leadership skill requirements across organizational levels. The Leadership Quarterly, 154-166. Appendix Comparison Matrix Article 1 Article 2 Title/Author(s) Personality and Leadership: A Qualitative and Quantitative Review Authors: Timothy A. Judge, Joyce E. Bono, Reams Lies, and Megan W. Gerhardt The leadership skills strapless: Leadership skill requirements across organizational levels Authors: Troy V. Uniform, Michael A. Champion, Frederick P. Morrison http://library. GU. Deed:2048/login? URL=http://search. Boycotts. Com. Library. GU. Deed: 2048/gin. Asps? Direct=truedb=bthAN=12130448site=eds-livescope=site http:// library. Cue. Deed:2048/login? URL=http://search. Boycotts. Com. Library. GU. Deed:2048/ login. Asps? Direct=truedb=bthAN=24385837site=eds-livescope=site Purpose of the Study What is the authors rationale for selecting this topic? Does he build a strong case? The purpose of this article was to provide a quantitative review of the relationship teen personality and Leadership. The rationale for this study is; the inconsistent and disappointing results from previous reviews are that, until recently, we have lacked a taxonomic structure for classifying and organizing traits. I believe the authors build a strong case based on their approach; they use the five-factor model of personality as an organizing framework to estimate relations between personality and leadership. Furthermore, we estimate relations involving multiple criteria, also because there is much concern in personality research about whether broad or specific personality traits best redirect criteria (Block, 1995; Hough, 1992), they investigate the relative predictive power of broad versus specific measures of The Big Five traits. Focus is shifted from the person holding the Job (I. E. , the leader) to the Job itself. Thus, instead of attempting to identify the characteristics of leaders (which has had a checkered history of success), the focus is squarely on the Job of the leader, and the skills it requires. We seek to further our understanding of leadership skill requirements across organizational levels by identifying four distinct categories of leadership skill acquirement that emerge differentially across organizational levels. Leadership skill requirements are often described as being stratified by organizational level and a complex of multiple categories. As such, leadership skill requirements across organizational levels can be usefully described using a strapless. The term strapless captures the stratified and complex nature of the leadership skill requirements and their relationship with level in the organization. Research Question(s) What question(s) does the author present? They present these as possible questions but not directly as questions: What is the engages between personality and Leadership? What is the overall relationship between the Big Five traits and leadership? Relationship of lower order personality constructs to leadership? Hypotheses: (1) The Cognitive, Interpersonal, Business, and Strategic skill categories will be empirically distinguishable. (2) Leadership skill requirements will vary by skill category such that Business, and Strategic skills, respectively. (3) Cognitive, Interpersonal, Business, and Strategic skill requirements will be positively related to the Jobs level in the organization. 4) Leadership skill requirements will interact with organizational level such that: a. Strategic skill requirements will be more strongly related to organizational level than Cognitive, Interpersonal, and Business skill requirements; b. Business skill requirements will be more strongly related to organizational level than Cognitive or Interpersonal skill requirements; and c. Interpersonal skill requirements will be more strongly related to organizational level than Cognitive skill requirements. Literature Review How is this organized? What are the main themes found in the review? Who are the main authors used? They conducted searches for studies on the personality- leadership relationship in two stages; (1) first entering the keywords personality and leadership and each of the Big Five traits and leadership in the Psychology database, (2) manually searched Journals thought to be particularly relevant, (3) searched the database using leadership and 48 additional traits (e. G. , self-esteem, locus of control, modesty, and self-control) known to have been studied in relationship to leadership (Bass, 1990). Previous conceptualizations of leadership skill requirements (Connelly et al. , 2000; Kananga Miser, 1992; Katz Kahn, 1978; Luau, Newman, Broadening, 1980; Mahoney, Jeered, Carroll, 1965; Integers, 1973; Uniform, Marks, Connelly, Carrot, Ritter-Palmtop, 2000; Carrot, 2001) suggest they can be understood in terms of four general categories: (1) Cognitive skills, (2) Interpersonal skills, (3) Business skills, and (4) Strategic skills. Table 1 summarizes how past research into leadership skill requirements are related to these four categories. Sample Population(s) What group(s) is/are being studied? 998 studies; (2) This search resulted in 1,447 abstracts, (3) the remaining 263 Journal articles and 77 doctoral dissertations, Sixty studies (73 independent samples in all), containing 222 correlations that were classified into one or more of the five-factor traits, met these criteria. Additionally, 20 studies involving self-esteem or locus of control was coded, including two of the 60 five-factor model studies noted above. Early studies on leadership (pre-1950) failed to report the data necessary to obtain a career success, or the person most liked by peers. We also excluded self-reports of leadership. In terms of the criterion, studies were coded as representing leader emergence or leadership effectiveness based on our a priori definitions. The sample consisted of 1023 professional employees working in an international agency of the U. S. Government. These employees were generalists working in five different career specialties in 156 different countries, including the United States. Administrative positions involved overseeing procurement of goods and services, managing financial operations, and negotiating and monitoring contracts with various external groups. The employees were sampled from three levels in the organization that will be offered to as Junior (1-5 years experience), mid-level (6-20 years), and senior (21+ years). Limitations What are the limitations of the study? Why can it only encompass so much? They have a relatively poor idea of not only which traits are relevant, but why. The study could not address these process oriented Issues. There are many situational factors that may moderate the validity of personality in predicting leadership. A limitation of the meta-analysis is that there may be nested representative effects involving the lower order traits. Specifically, traits within a Big Five dimension may be differentially associated with leadership across the study settings. For example, dominance may display greater associations with leadership in student settings than in military or government settings. Future research will take advantage of the conceptual and practical findings and further test the model in other organizations, as well as refine management development, placement, and selection systems in organizations. Future research should explore the extent to which the results replicate when other sources of information are drawn upon to determine the leadership skill Results/ Conclusions What did the author find through the study? Was the original question answered? Correlate of leadership. Conscientiousness and then Neurotics and Openness to Experience displayed the next strongest correlations with leadership. Indicating that we can be confident that the relationship of four of the Big Five traits to leadership is distinguishable from zero across situations. Finally, Agreeableness showed a relatively weak correlation with leadership. Four traits displayed moderately strong correlations with leadership?sociability, dominance, achievement and dependability. Two traits, Extroversion and Openness, were significantly predictive of leadership across the criteria. Results in this study provide strong evidence in favor of the trait approach and suggest that we have come a long way since J. A. Murphy (1941) remarked, Leadership does not reside in the person (p. 674), and Jenkins (1947) concluded, No single trait or group of characteristics has been isolated which sets off the leader from members of his group (up. 74-75). This provides support for the four-factor model of leadership skill requirements and Hypothesis 1 . Cognitive was higher than Business. Other mean differences, although in the predicted direction, were not statistically significant. Thus, Hypothesis 2 was partially supported. Hypothesis 3 received full support. This relationship is illustrated in Fig. 2, which shows that leadership skill requirements increase with organizational level? Results indicate that the relationship between leadership skill requirements and organizational level is stronger for Strategic skill requirements than for Interpersonal and Cognitive skill requirements, providing partial support for Hypothesis AAA. Hypothesis b was fully supported in that the relationship between skill level and organizational level was stronger for Business skill requirements than for Interpersonal and Cognitive skill requirements. Finally, Hypothesis c was also fully supported, as the difference between the leadership skill-organizational level correlation for Interpersonal and Cognitive skill requirements was significant. The paper has proposed a theoretically rich leadership skills hierarchy, and tested that hierarchy in a sample of over 1000 lower, mid, and upper level leaders. Results provide support for the model and its key hypotheses.